Table 1.
Effects of antibiotic resistance. Reprinted from reference,7 Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 22, Friedman ND, Temkin E, Carmeli Y. The negative impact of antibiotic resistance, 416–422. Copyright (2016), with permission from Elsevier.
| The effect | Examples |
|---|---|
| Morbidity and mortality | All-cause |
| Attributable to infection | |
| Increased length of hospital stay | |
| Increased length of mechanical ventilation | |
| Increased need for intensive care and invasive devices | |
| Excess surgery | |
| Functional decline and need for post-acute care | |
| Need for contact isolation | |
| Loss of work | |
| Increased resource utilization and cost | Hospital, intensive-care unit and post-acute care beds |
| Additional nursing care, support services, diagnostic tests and imaging | |
| Additional use of isolation rooms and consumables (gloves, gowns) | |
| Cost of targeted infection control programs including screening, isolation | |
| Guideline alterations | Loss of narrow-spectrum antibiotic classes |
| Altered empiric therapy regimens | |
| Use of agents with reduced efficacy | |
| Use of agents with increased toxicity | |
| Reduced hospital activity | Unit closures |
| Cancellation of surgery |