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. 2018 Jan 15;8:2689. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02689

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Copyright © 2018 Lin, Cai, Chen, Ye, Wu, Wang, Lv, Shang and Qu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The invasion ability of Sf301, ΔphoPQ and ΔphoPQc in HeLa cells and Caco-2 cells. The gentamicin protection assay was used as a cellular model to evaluate the effect of phoPQ deletion on virulence of Shigella. Bacteria grown to logarithmic phase were added into the cells for 5, 15, or 30 min. Then gentamicin was added into the medium to kill extracellular bacteria. Colonies of lysates on LB plates were counted. The invasion rate is calculated as the number of intracellular bacteria divided by the number of inoculated bacteria and multiplied by 10,000. The ΔphoPQ(pGEMT) was used as an empty plasmid control. (A) Bacterial ability to invade HeLa cells. (B) Bacterial ability to invade Caco-2 cells. Values are means ± standard deviations from three independent wells. ^**P < 0.01.