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. 2018 Jan 19;8:1256. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19677-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Identification and characterization of low-density CPP (L-CPP). (a) Gel filtration chromatograms of archive serum samples from three dialysis patients, which were centrifuged at 16,000 g for 2 hours (open markers with dot lines) or left untreated (closed markers with solid lines) before OsteoSense inoculation. (b) Comparison between the fetuin-A method and the gel filtration method. The CPP levels determined by the fetuin-A method were correlated with the H-CPP levels (b), but not with the L-CPP levels (c), determined by the gel filtration method. RR (%), the reduction rate (%) of serum fetuin-A levels. (d) The particle size distribution of CPP in one of the archive serum samples from dialysis patients determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) using FITC-alendronate as a probe. (e) as in (d), except that EDTA was added to the serum sample before NTA. (f) as in (d), except that the serum sample was centrifuged at 16,000 g for 2 hours before NTA.