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. 2018 Jan 19;8:1187. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19459-y

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© The Author(s) 2018, corrected publication 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Behavioral assessment of motor and cognitive functions in IE rats. (a–d) Open field test (OFT). (a) IE and SC animals performed similarly in the open field arena when the exploration was measured as mean distance to the arena border (SC P30, n = 16; IE P30, n = 16; t-test, p = 0.84). (b,c) T-test revealed that the IE behavior was different from that of SC animals both in terms of total distance moved and mean velocity in the open field maze (t-test, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001 respectively). (d) The percentage of time spent in the center part of the arena was not different between SC and IE rats (t-test, p = 0.933). (e) Assessment of sensorimotor coordination through vertical ladder climbing (VLT) confirmed a motor deficit in IE animals respect to SC (SC P30, n = 12; IE P30, n = 12; t-test, p < 0.05). (f–h) Object recognition task (ORT). (f) Both SC and IE rats spent equal amount of time exploring the two objects (OBJ1 and OBJ2) during the familiarization phase of the Object Recognition Test (SC P30, n = 16; IE P30, n = 16; paired t-test, p = 0.46 and p = 0.097). (g,h) SC showed a good information retention after both 1 and 24 hours (paired t-test, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively), while IE animals did not recognize the new object (NEW) with respect to the old one (OLD) either after 1 or after 24 hours (paired t-test, p = 0.06 and p = 0.08, respectively). Histograms represent average values ± SEM. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.