Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 27 depressed patients with bipolar disorder (BD) randomly assigned to adjunctive treatment with creatine monohydrate or placebo
| Characteristic | Creatine (N = 16) | Placebo (N = 11) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | |||
| Female sex, N (%) | 12 (75.0%) | 8 (72.7%) | 1.000c |
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 44.5 (8.4) | 43.0 (10.2) | 0.679b |
| Education in years, mean (SD) | 13.4 (2.34) | 11.9 (3.67) | 0.254b |
| Marital status | 0.648a | ||
| Married, N (%) | 5 (31.3%) | 5 (45.5%) | |
| Single, N (%) | 7 (43.8%) | 4 (36.4%) | |
| Consensual marriage, N (%) | 2 (12.5%) | 1 (9.1%) | |
| Divorced, N (%) | 1 (6.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Separated, N (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (9.1%) | |
| Widowed, N (%) | 1 (6.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Occupational status | 0.509a | ||
| Employed, N (%) | 7 (43.8%) | 2 (18.2%) | |
| Out of job market, N (%) | 1 (6.2%) | 1 (9.1%) | |
| Unemployed—job seeking, N (%) | 6 (37.5%) | 6 (54.5%) | |
| Employed, on sick leave, N (%) | 2 (12.5%) | 1 (9.1%) | |
| Long-term disability, N (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (9.1%) | |
| Clinical variables | |||
| Type of BD | 1.000c | ||
| I, N (%) | 10 (62.5%) | 7 (63.6%) | |
| II, N (%) | 6 (37.5%) | 4 (36.4%) | |
| Age of onset of BD in years, mean (SD) | 23.4 (11.4) | 20.8 (9.0) | 0.586b |
| Lifetime psychotic symptoms, N (%) | 11 (68.8%) | 6 (54.5%) | 0.687c |
| History of psychiatric hospitalization, N (%) | 9 (56.2%) | 3 (27.3%) | 0.239c |
| Current medication | |||
| Lithium, N (%) | 3 (18.8%) | 3 (27.3%) | 0.662c |
| Anticonvulsivant, N (%) | 12 (75.0%) | 10 (90.9%) | 0.618c |
| Atypical antipsychotic, N (%) | 10 (62.5%) | 6 (54.5%) | 0.710c |
| ISRS/ISRSN antidepressant, N (%) | 3 (18.8%) | 4 (36.4%) | 0.391c |
| Other antidepressant, N (%) | 2 (12.5%) | 1 (9.1%) | 1.000c |
| Benzodiazepine/hypnotic, N (%) | 5 (31.3%) | 5 (45.5%) | 0.687c |
| Lifetime psychiatric comorbidity | |||
| Alcohol abuse/dependence, N (%) | 1 (6.2%) | 2 (18.2%) | 0.549c |
| Non-alcoholic substance abuse/dependence, N (%) | 1 (6.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.000c |
| Anxiety disorder, N (%) | 5 (31.3%) | 10 (90.9%) | 0.075a |
| Clinical rating scores | |||
| MADRS, mean (SD) | 27.1 (5.4) | 30.1 (5.2) | 0.167b |
| HAM-D, mean (SD) | 15.1 (4.3) | 17.8 (3.5) | 0.103b |
| YMRS, mean (SD) | 1.31 (1.40) | 2.55 (1.64) | 0.046b |
| CGI-S, mean (SD) | 4.38 (0.50) | 4.27 (0.47) | 0.567b |
| FAST, mean (SD) | 34.0 (14.7) | 50.2 (14.3) | 0.010b |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 28.0 (4.3) | 28.3 (5.3) | 0.851b |
aCalculated by Chi-square analysis
bCalculated by Student’s t test
cCalculated by Fisher’s exact test