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. 2018 Jan 19;8:1200. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19466-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cidea is directly induced by acetaldehyde but not by alcohol. (A) Activity of ALDH2 in liver tissue, ***p < 0.001 vs. control group. (B) Concentration of serum acetaldehyde, ***p < 0.001 vs. control group. (C) Activity of ALDH2 in AML12 cells were treated with different concentration alcohol, *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. AML12 cells were treated with alcohol, 4-methylpyrazole (0.1 mM 4-MP), or cyanamide (0.1 mM Cya) for 48 h. (D–G) Nile red staining (X200). (H) Cidea mRNA level and (I) Fsp27 mRNA level were measured. Means ± SD, n = 3, *p < 0.05 vs. control group; **p < 0.01 vs. control group; ^#P < 0.05 vs. Alcohol group; NS, not significant. AML12 cells were treated with 100 uM and 300 uM of acetaldehyde or cyanamide (0.1 mM Cya). (J) Triglyceride contents were measured. Means ± SD, n = 3, *p < 0.05 vs. control group; ^#P < 0.05 vs. cya group; δ < 0.05 vs. 300 uM Ach group. AML12 cells were treated with 100 uM acetaldehyde or cyanamide (0.1 mM Cya) for 48 h. (K) Cidea mRNA level and (L) Fsp27 mRNA level were measured. Means ± SD, n = 3, *p < 0.05 vs. control group; ^#P < 0.05 vs. cya group; δ < 0.05 vs. Ach group. AML12 cells were treated with alcohol and 2 ng or 10 ng of the Aldh2 protein for 48 h. (M–P) Nile red staining (X200) and (Q) Triglyceride contents and (R) qPCR analysis of the Cidea mRNA level were measured. Means ± SD, n = 3, *P < 0.05 vs. control group; ***P < 0.001 vs. control group; ^#P < 0.05 vs. Alcohol group.