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. 2017 Nov 2;8(11):e3162. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2017.542

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Copyright © 2017 The Author(s)

Cell Death and Disease is an open-access journal published by Nature Publishing Group. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Eight cytokines increased in CSF of SCI models after epoB treatment. The doublet spots in the membranes indicate each cytokine. (a–d) The CSF of SCI-epoB or SCI-vehicle was detected continuously. (a) One day after epoB treatment, only elevated M-CSF was observed. (b) Three days after epoB administration, six cytokines were elevated at different levels, including IL-1α, IL-4, M-CSF, MCP-1, TNF-α, and TGF-β. (c) Over time, IGF-1 and LIX increased in CSF 7 DPE. (d) Two weeks after epoB treatment, only IGF-1 was upregulated. (e–h) Densitometric analysis of increased cytokines 1 (e), 3 (f), 7 (g), and 14 (h) DPE. n=3 per group; *P-value <0.05; **P-value <0.01; ***P-value <0.001 (one-way ANOVA)