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. 2018 Jan 19;8:1180. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19451-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Gene set enrichment analysis. The DEG datasets were compared using GSEA incorporating cell type signatures for brain and infiltrating cell populations. (A) The human tumors showed an astrocytic predominance, whereas the three non-human species, (B) Canine, (C) Mouse, and (D) Rat, showed a mixed contribution of astrocytic and oligodendrocytic elements. Consistent with the expansion of glial components and displacement of neuronal components in gliomas, there was a significant decrease in the enrichment of the neuronal cell signature in tumors from all four species. Also, each species demonstrated evidence of activated cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CD8+) and glioma-infiltrating macrophages and microglia (GIM/Ms). Only the human and rat tumors showed enrichment of the M2 macrophage signature. Black bars = FDR value < 25%; White bars = FDR ≥ 25%. [GIM/M: glioma-infiltrating macrophages and microglia; CY: Cahoy signatures; HSC: hematopoietic stem cell].