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. 2018 Jan 19;8:1212. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19398-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Exploration of solvent and aliphatic polycarbonate properties for the fabrication of binder-free sheet-type batteries. (a) Ionic conductivity of solvent-exposed LPS (σ_SE’) divided by that of pristine LPS (σ_SE), i.e. σ_SE’/σ_SE, as a function of the solvent’s donor number, where a higher donor number indicates higher nucleophilicity. Images of (b) a PPC-containing SE slurry, (c) a flexible and free-standing PPC-containing SE sheet (PPC; 6 wt.%, 8 vol%), (d) PPC-containing SE sheets punched by pressing a stainless-steel rod under 260 MPa and (e) a two-layered sheet prepared by coating the SE slurry on the electrode sheet. The inset is a two-layered sheet cut by punching machine. (f) Ionic conductivities of LPS and 6 wt.% PPC-containing LPS powder treated at various temperatures in the range from 25 to 290 °C.