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. 2017 Aug 24;11(2):140–152. doi: 10.1111/eva.12523

Table 1.

Spearman rho and partial correlations between I s and all cancers incidence rates at all ages and 0‐49 years, and for 27 separate site cancers (Bold indicates significant coefficients)

Independent variables (Cancer) All countries Incidence Countries with “high‐quality” data
Nonparametric Partialb Nonparametric Partialb
rho p n r p df Effect size Increasec rho p n r p df Effect size
All cancers (C00‐97, but C44), all ages −0.738 <.001 173 −.319 <.001 98 0.113 2.326 −0.650 <.001 64 −.348 .024 40 0.132
All cancers (C00‐97, but C44), 0–49a −0.719 <.001 173 −.380 <.001 99 0.168 2.386 −0.607 <.001 64 −.446 .003 41 0.248
Bladder (C67) −0.709 <.001 173 −.217 .030 98 0.049 4.126 −0.571 <.001 64 −.248 .114 40 0.065
Brain (C70‐72) −0.738 <.001 170 −.247 .013 98 0.065 6.585 −0.389 <.001 64 −.405 .008 40 0.196
Breast (C50) −0.737 <.001 173 −.290 .003 98 0.092 2.698 −0.723 <.001 64 −.300 .054 40 0.099
Cervix uteri (C53) 0.608 <.001 173 .071 .485 98 0.005 0.206 0.407 <.001 64 −.040 .803 40 0.002
Colorectum (C18‐21) −0.845 <.001 173 −.455 <.001 98 0.261 7.008 −0.723 <.001 64 −.433 .004 40 0.231
Corpus uteri (C54) −0.674 <.001 172 −.337 <.001 98 0.128 3.837 −0.528 <.001 64 −.405 .008 40 0.196
Gallbladder (C23‐24) −0.509 <.001 158 −.226 .024 98 0.054 5.230 −0.096 .452 63 .106 .502 40 0.011
Hodgkin lymphoma (C81) −0.666 <.001 166 −.270 .007 98 0.078 3.314 −0.491 <.001 64 −.347 .024 40 0.137
Kaposi sarcoma (C46) 0.564 <.001 120 .325 .004 76 0.118 0.061 0.286 .052 47 .275 .128 30 0.082
Kidney (C64‐66) −0.850 <.001 167 −.485 <.001 98 0.308 10.023 −0.562 <.001 64 −.425 .005 40 0.221
Larynx (C32) −0.448 <.001 168 −.144 .154 98 0.021 2.248 0.005 .966 64 −.182 .248 40 0.034
Leukaemia (C91‐95) −0.800 <.001 171 −.392 <.001 98 0.182 3.574 −0.585 <.001 64 −.352 .022 40 0.141
Lip and oral cavity (C00‐08) −0.257 <.001 173 −.037 .712 98 0.001 1.334 −0.359 .004 64 −.335 .030 40 0.126
Liver (C22) 0.300 <.001 173 −.033 .745 98 0.001 0.624 0.041 .750 64 .136 .392 40 0.019
Lung (C33‐34) −0.782 <.001 173 −.295 .003 98 0.095 11.933 −0.483 <.001 64 −.244 .119 40 0.064
Melanoma of skin (C43) −0.482 <.001 168 −.155 .124 98 0.025 10.286 −0.613 <.001 63 −.283 .069 40 0.087
Multiple myeloma (C88, C90) −0.663 <.001 157 −.236 .018 98 0.059 4.257 −0.547 <.001 64 −.077 .626 40 0.006
Nasopharynx (C11) 0.221 <.001 154 .114 .257 98 0.013 0.767 0.334 .008 63 .144 .364 40 0.021
Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (C82‐85, C96) −0.524 <.001 173 .031 .756 98 0.001 2.019 −0.565 <.001 64 −.114 .472 40 0.013
Oesophagus (C15) 0.009 .907 172 .132 .189 98 0.018 0.529 0.008 .951 64 −.004 .978 40 0.000
Other pharynx (C09‐10, C12‐14) −0.347 <.001 168 −.091 .367 98 0.008 2.037 −0.371 .003 63 −.263 .093 40 0.074
Ovary (C56) −0.608 <.001 173 −.309 .002 98 0.106 1.997 −0.449 <.001 64 −.469 .002 40 0.282
Pancreas (C25) −0.802 <.001 170 −.453 <.001 98 0.258 5.142 −0.602 <.001 64 −.396 .009 40 0.186
Prostate (C61) −0.498 <.001 173 −.114 .260 98 0.013 3.463 −0.577 <.001 64 −.301 .053 40 0.100
Stomach (C16) −0.412 <.001 173 −.243 .015 98 0.063 1.826 0.049 .700 64 −.281 .072 40 0.086
Testis (C62) −0.777 <.001 153 −.315 <.001 98 0.110 14.579 −0.681 <.001 64 −.459 .002 40 0.267
Thyroid (C73) −0.684 <.001 170 −.322 <.001 98 0.115 5.362 −0.346 .005 64 −.113 .477 40 0.013
GDP PPP 2010 −0.853 <.001 168 – – – – – −0.760 <.001 63 – – – –
Life expect (e50), 1990–1995 −0.822 <.001 173 – – – – – −0.666 <.001 64 – – – –
Obesity −0.572 <.001 173 – – – – – −0.003 .984 64 – – – –
Physical inactivity −0.315 <.001 132 – – – – – −0.103 .453 55 – – – –
Smoking, Daily any tobacco product 2011 −0.551 <.001 123 – – – – – −0.234 .086 55 – – – –
Urbanization 2010 −0.712 <.001 169 – – – – – −0.455 <.001 64 – – – –
a

Life expectancy (e50) was not controlled as it is not relevant in people aged 0–49 years.

b

Partial correlations were calculated when GDP, life expectancy (e50), obesity, physical inactivity, smoking and urbanization were kept statistically constant.

c

Ratio of lowest 10 I s countries to highest I s 10 countries: Average strong genetic cancer incidence rate ratio: 5.718, Average less genetic cancer incidence rate ratio 2.143. “Strong genetic cancer” refers to those individual (site) cancers whose incidence rates were significantly and negatively correlated with I s in partial correlation. “Less genetic cancers” refers to those individual cancers whose incidence rates were not significantly or negatively correlated with I s.