Table 2.
Changes in Sleep and ImPACT Scores Across Experimental Conditions. Normally-distributed variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation, while the skewed variables are presented as median (25th, 75th percentiles).
| Short Sleep (SS) | Healthy Sleep (HS) | Effect Size (d) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sleep Onset (time) | 00:39 ± 0:33 | 22:15 ± 0:36 | 4.16 | <.001 |
| Sleep Offset (time) | 06:56 ± 0:21 | 06:49 ± 0:27 | 0.27 | .160 |
| Sleep Period (hours) | 6.28 ± 0.58 | 8.57 ± 0.65 | 3.71 | <.001 |
| Verbal Memory | 84.96 ± 9.26 | 87.79 ± 8.70 | 0.32 | .039 |
| Visual Memory | 75.00 ± 13.24 | 74.21 ± 14.96 | 0.06 | .783 |
| Visual-Motor Speed | 39.52 ± 6.59 | 40.10 ± 6.21 | 0.09 | .397 |
| Reaction Time | 0.62 ± 0.11 | 0.60 ± 0.07 | 0.19 | .156 |
| PCSS Total Score | 3.00 (0.00, 7.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 2.75) | 0.88 | .005 |
| Modified PCSS Score | 1.00 (0.00, 3.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 1.00) | 0.92 | .004 |
PCSS = Postconcussive Symptom Scale. Modified PCSS equals the PCSS minus 5 items that are directly linked to sleep (see text). Effect sizes and significance (p) values were calculated from within-subjects t-tests for all but the PCSS and Modified PCSS, for which we used the Wilcoxon Test. By convention, d = .20 reflects a small effect, d = .50 reflects a medium effect, and d ≥ .80 reflects a large effect.