Table 3.
Pi-Pi bonds (π-π bonds) formed by 4-ferrocenyl aniline (PFA), 1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-ferrocenylphenyl) urea (DPC1), 1-(3-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-ferrocenylphenyl) urea (DMC1), 1-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-ferrocenylphenyl) urea (DOC1), bis (diphenylacetato) cadmium (II) (DPAA), bis (4-chlorophenylacetato) cadmium (II) (CPAA) and standard drugs against alpha amylase (AA), C-alpha glucosidase (C-AG), N-alpha glucosidase (N-AG), aldose reductase (AR), glucokinase (GK), glycogen phosphorylase (GP), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11β-HSD1), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt), dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP IV) and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B).
| Proteins | PDB ID | PFA | DPC1 | DMC1 | DOC1 | DPAA | CPAA | Standard drugs | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| π-π bonds | Amino acids | π-π bonds | Amino acids | π-π bonds | Amino acids | π-π bonds | Amino acids | π-π bonds | Amino acids | π-π bonds | Amino acids | π-π bonds | Amino acids | ||
| AA | 2QMK | 1 | GLN302 | 1 | PHE348 | 0 | – | 0 | – | 1 | TRP316 | 0 | – | 0A | – |
| C-AG | 3TON | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0A | – |
| N-AG | 2QMJ | 2 | GLY157 | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0A | – |
| LYS48 | |||||||||||||||
| AR | 1US0 | 2 | ALA299 | 2 | TRP20 | 2 | TRP20 | 3 | TRP20 | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0B | – |
| TRP111 | TRP111 | TRP111 | TRP111 | ||||||||||||
| PHE122 | |||||||||||||||
| GK | IV4S | 0 | – | 1 | SER64 | 0 | – | 0 | – | 1 | HIS218 | 0 | – | 0B | – |
| GP | 1L7X | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0B | – |
| FBP1 | 2JJK | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0B | – |
| PEPCK | 1KHB | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0B | – |
| 11β-HSD1 | 2BEL | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 1 | TYR183 | 1 | TYR177 | 1 | TYR177 | 0C | – |
| GSK-3β | 1Q4L | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0D | – |
| PPAR-γ | 2PRG | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0E | – |
| PI3K | 1E7U | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 1 | TYR608 | 0E | – |
| p-Akt | 3O96 | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 1 | TRP80 | 0 | – | 1 | TRP80 | 1E | TRP80 |
| DPP IV | 2ONC | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 1 | TRP154 | 0 | – | 0F | – |
| PTP-1B | 2F70 | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0G | – |
Standard inhibitors or activator of pathways are: (A) miglitol, (B) metformin, (C) carbenoxolone, (D) thiadiazolidinone-8, (E) rosiglitazone, (F) sitagliptin, and (G) ertiprotafib. Amino acids are: ALA, alanine; GLN, glutamine; GLY, glycine; HIS, histidine; LYS, lysine; PHE, phenylalanine; SER, Serine; TRP, tryptophan; TYR, tyrosine.