Table 4.
Hydrophobic interactions formed by 4-ferrocenyl aniline (PFA), 1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-ferrocenylphenyl) urea (DPC1), 1-(3-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-ferrocenylphenyl) urea (DMC1), 1-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-ferrocenylphenyl) urea (DOC1), bis (diphenylacetato) cadmium (II) (DPAA), bis (4-chlorophenylacetato) cadmium (II) (CPAA) and standard drugs against alpha amylase (AA), C-alpha glucosidase (C-AG), N-alpha glucosidase (N-AG), aldose reductase (AR), glucokinase (GK), glycogen phosphorylase (GP), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11β-HSD1), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt), dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP IV) and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B).
| Protein targets | PDB ID | Amino acid residues forming hydrophobic interactions | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFA | DPC1 | DMC1 | DOC1 | DPAA | CPAA | Standard drugs | ||
| AA | 2QMK | THR314 | GLY304 | TRP59 | ASN352 | ASN352 | GLU484 | −A |
| GLY351 | PHE348 | SER478 | ||||||
| ARG346 | ||||||||
| C-AG | 3TON | MET1778 | ASN1776 | VAL1809 | ASN1776 | ASN1776 | VAL1807 | −A |
| LEU1740 | SER1811 | LEU1740 | VAL1812 | VAL1809 | ||||
| 1LE1801 | THR1810 | ILE1801 | THR1810 | ASN1776 | ||||
| VAL1812 | THR1810 | MET1778 | ||||||
| SER1813 | ||||||||
| 1LE1814 | ||||||||
| N-AG | 2QMJ | SER155 | VAL116 | LYS534 | ILE523 | LYS776 | ALA537 | ALA285A |
| SER118 | ALA285 | PHE522 | PHE535 | ALA285 | ||||
| GLN117 | LYS776 | ALA285 | ALA285 | ASP777 | ||||
| PHE119 | PRO287 | |||||||
| HIS115 | LEU286 | |||||||
| AR | 1US0 | – | CYC298 | CYS298 | CYS298 | TRP111 | TYR48 | −B |
| TRP219 | TRP79 | VAL47 | ||||||
| TRP219 | ||||||||
| GK | IV4S | – | PRO66 | – | VAL455 | ILE211 | PRO66 | ARG63B |
| TYR215 | PRO66 | VAL455 | THR65 | |||||
| THR65 | THR65 | PRO66 | TYR214 | |||||
| THR65 | ||||||||
| TYR214 | ||||||||
| VAL455 | ||||||||
| GP | 1L7X | GLY135 | GLY135 | HIS377 | GLY134 | GLY677 | ALA265 | −B |
| LEU136 | GLY135 | GLY135 | THR676 | |||||
| VAL455 | LYS680 | LEU136 | ||||||
| ALA673 | ARG569 | ALA673 | ||||||
| TYR573 | HIS377 | |||||||
| FBP1 | 2JJK | – | SER46 | – | SER46 | ALA51 | ALA51 | −B |
| ALA51 | ALA51 | PRO188 | LYS72 | |||||
| LYS50 | ||||||||
| PEPCK | 1KHB | MN701 | THR339 | ASN292 | ASN292 | PRO337 | PHE525 | ASN533 |
| LYS290 | ASN344 | PRO337 | PHE530 | THR343 | GLY289 | PHE525B | ||
| GLY338 | THR339 | THR343 | PHE530 | |||||
| VAL335 | ||||||||
| ASN292 | ||||||||
| 11β-HSD1 | 2BEL | ILE121 | ALA226 | THR222 | THR124 | ALA223 | LEU171 | THR222 |
| THR124 | ALA226 | VAL227 | THR124 | THR124 | ||||
| THR222 | ASN123 | ASN123 | ||||||
| SER170 | THR222 | TYR177C | ||||||
| GSK-3β | 1Q4L | – | LEU132 | ASP200 | LEU188 | ASP90 | ARG223 | ASN64D |
| GLN295 | ILE228 | |||||||
| PRO294 | SER215 | |||||||
| ASN287 | ||||||||
| PPAR-γ | 2PRG | – | CYS285 | MET364 | – | GLY284 | HIS449 | CYS285E |
| LEU330 | CYS285 | |||||||
| PI3K | 1E7U | – | PHE497 | ASN634 | PRO563 | TRP229 | TRP355 | TRP355 |
| THR1043 | LYS591 | LEU564 | SER824 | ALA528 | ALA528E | |||
| SER1044 | LEU823 | ILE420 | ||||||
| LYS1045 | GLU826 | |||||||
| ASN825 | ||||||||
| p-Akt | 3O96 | VAL270 | – | GLN79 | – | LEU264 | LEU264 | THR291E |
| ILE290 | TYR272 | |||||||
| DPP IV | 2ONC | – | – | – | – | THR156 | VAL279 | PHR98 |
| ILE107 | SER277 | PHE95 | ||||||
| THR280 | GLU97 | |||||||
| TYR330 | ASP96F | |||||||
| PTP-1B | 2F70 | LYS73 | LYS73 | LYS73 | GLY202 | LYS73 | GLN78 | GLN102 |
| GLN78 | GLN78 | GLN78 | SER80 | HIS208 | ||||
| PRO206 | HIS60 | PRO206G | ||||||
Standard inhibitors or activator of pathways are: (A) miglitol (B) metformin, (C) carbenoxolone, (D) thiadiazolidinone-8, (E) rosiglitazone, (F) sitagliptin and (G) ertiprotafib. Amino acids are: ALA, alanine; ARG, arginine; ASN, asparagine; ASP, aspartic acid; CYS, cysteine; GLN, glutamine; GLU, glutamic acid; GLY, glycine; HIS, histidine; ILE, isoleucine; LYS, lysine; MET, methionine; PHE, phenylalanine; PRO, proline; SER, serine; THR, threonine; TRP, tryptophan; TYR, tyrosine; VAL, valine.