Table 3.
Factors associated with hazardous/harmful alcohol use among START measurement cohort participants*
| Hazardous/harmful alcohol use (n = 90) n (%) |
No hazardous/harmful alcohol use (n = 274) n (%) |
OR (95%CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | |||
| Age, years, median [IQR] | 34 [30–42] | 36 [30–44] | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) |
| Male | 80 (88.9) | 127 (46.4) | 9.17 (4.54–18.50)† |
| Marital status | |||
| Married/cohabiting | 47 (52.2) | 150 (54.7) | 0.73 (0.39–1.34) |
| Divorced/widowed | 22 (24.4) | 74 (27.0) | 0.68 (0.34–1.38) |
| Never married/cohabited | 21 (23.3) | 50 (18.2) | Reference |
| Head of household (sole/shared) | 43 (48.3) | 122 (45.4) | 1.09 (0.67–1.79) |
| Education | |||
| None | 7 (7.8) | 22 (8.0) | 1.05 (0.40–2.78) |
| Primary | 56 (62.2) | 166 (60.6) | 1.08 (0.63–1.86) |
| Secondary or higher | 27 (30.0) | 86 (31.4) | Reference |
| Home amenities | |||
| Improved drinking water | 78 (86.7) | 230 (83.9) | 1.28 (0.64–2.56) |
| Any electricity | 43 (47.8) | 134 (48.9) | 0.93 (0.57–1.50) |
| Psychosocial variables | |||
| Depressive symptoms | |||
| None | 23 (26.1) | 81 (30.5) | Reference |
| Mild | 41(46.6) | 103 (38.7) | 1.39 (0.77–2.51) |
| Moderate to severe | 24 (27.3) | 82 (30.8) | 1.08 (0.56–2.08) |
| Size of support network, median [IQR] | 5 [3–12] | 4 [3–8] | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) |
| Little trouble understanding written medical information | 61 (67.8) | 203 (74.4) | 0.72 (0.42–1.23) |
| Social desirability score, median [IQR] | 36 [33–43] | 39 [35–46] | 0.94 (0.91–0.99)† |
| TB- and HIV-related stigma variables | |||
| TB stigma scale score, median [IQR] | 33 [33–37] | 33 [30–35] | 1.04 (1.00–1.08)† |
| You feel ashamed to have TB | 14 (15.7) | 36 (13.4) | 1.23 (0.62–2.44) |
| People close to you would avoid you because of TB | 47 (52.8) | 95 (36.1) | 1.87 (1.14–3.07)† |
| Some people with TB feel hurt because of how they are treated by others | 80 (89.9) | 229 (85.8) | 1.43 (0.66–3.12) |
| Plan to disclose TB status | 83 (93.3) | 253 (94.1) | 0.83 (0.31–2.23) |
| Believe that people need to hide ARVs | 60 (66.7) | 138 (50.9) | 1.93 (1.17–3.19)† |
| Disclosed HIV status | 86 (95.6) | 263 (96.0) | 0.82 (0.25–2.70) |
| Other TB- and HIV-related variables | |||
| Time since HIV diagnosis, days, median [IQR] | 31 [17–59] | 32 [20–99] | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) |
| CD4 cell count at ART initiation, /μl, median [IQR] | 156 [88–354] | 151 [55–301] | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) |
| Other person in home with HIV | 28 (31.8) | 98 (38.1) | 0.70 (0.41–1.19) |
| HIV knowledge, median [IQR] | 5 [4–6] | 5 [4–6] | 1.11 (0.91–1.36) |
| Believe that ART can provide long, healthy life | 87 (97.8) | 265 (97.4) | 1.12 (0.23–5.84) |
| TB knowledge, median [IQR] | 5 [5–6] | 6 [5–6] | 0.94 (0.76–1.16) |
| CIP study arm | 56 (62.2) | 132 (48.2) | 1.71 (0.97–3.01) |
Analysis was limited to participants with complete data on alcohol use. Column numbers may not sum to totals due to missing data. Percentages are provided among non-missing data; missing data: age (n =1); head of household (n =6); depressive symptoms (n =10); support network size (n =1); medical information literacy (n=1); social desirability (n=12); TB stigma (n=33); ashamed of having TB (n=7); TB avoid (n=12); hurt feelings due to TB (n=8); plan to disclose TB (n= 6); need to hide ARVs (n = 3); time since HIV diagnosis (n = 23); CD4 count (n = 156); other person with HIV in home (n = 19); ARVs provide long life (n = 3).
START =Start TB patients on ART and Retain on Treatment; OR =odds ratio; CI =confidence interval; IQR =interquartile range; TB =tuberculosis; HIV =human immunodeficiency virus; ART antiretroviral therapy; CIP = combination intervention package; ARV =antiretroviral drug.