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. 2017 Dec 1;12(2):623–633. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2017.197

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Copyright © 2018 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Direct visualization of taxa on sand grains using CARD-FISH and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Targeted taxa are indicated in the individual panels a to f. DAPI signal (in blue) shows all cells not targeted by the probes. All images (except for b) are composite micrographs of fluorescent signals and transmitted light of the sand grain’s surface. Micrograph a is also available as a video in the Supplementary Information showing the microbial colonization of protected and exposed areas in the three-dimensional space. Micrograph b is a superresolution structured illumination image (SR-SIM). If not otherwise indicated, scale bar refers to 10 μm. Probes used are listed in Supplementary Table S1.