Table II.

Principle mechanisms related to pro-carcinogenic effects of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast cancer.

Mechanism	Key/target gene	(Refs.)
Lipid peroxidation, DNA adducts	Redox-cycling of 4-hydroxyestradiol	(21,26,37)
Regulation of gene expression	p21WAF1/CIP1, MAPK, TGF-β, TLR	(21,42)
Antimetastatic and antiangiogenic activity	VEGF, FGF, HIF-α, E-cadherin	(21,41,122)
Regulation of miR expression	MiR19b, miR146b, miR1835p, let-7a,	(42,109)
	miR-23b, miR-27a/b, miR-21, let-7

MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; TLR, toll-like receptor; VEGF, vascular epithelial growth factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; HIF-α, hypoxia-inducible factor-α; miR, microRNA.