Table 2. Midshaft humeral unstandardized properties of Zhoukoudian left humerus (II) and comparative samples.
| Length | Body mass | TA | CA | %CA | Imax | Imin | Zmax | Zmin | J | Zp | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (mm) | (kg) | (mm2) | (mm2) | (mm4) | (mm4) | (mm3) | (mm3) | (mm4) | (mm3) | |||
| Zhoukoudian IIa,b | 307.4–324.0 | 53.6 ± 1.7 | 261 | 228 | 87.4 | 6,985 | 4,143 | 640 | 518 | 11,128 | 1,009 | |
| Tianyuan 1a,c | 327.4 | 85.1 | 252 | 190 | 75.4 | 5,931 | 3,868 | 603 | 463 | 9,799 | 928 | |
| Middle Paleolithic Modern Humand (n = 2 for length, body mass, TA, CA, Ix, and Iy, n = 3 for Imax, Imin, and J) | Mean | 353.3 | 68.9 | 283.1 | 217.0 | 76.8 | 5,894 | 4,088 | – | – | 9,981 | – |
| S.D. | 30.8 | 0.1 | 5.2 | 56.9 | 21.5 | 2,021 | 1,619 | – | – | 3,618 | – | |
| Min | 331.5 | 68.8 | 279.4 | 176.7 | 61.6 | 3564 | 2,287 | – | – | 5,851 | – | |
| Max | 375.0 | 69.0 | 286.7 | 257.2 | 92.1 | 7,170 | 5,421 | – | – | 12,591 | – | |
| Neanderthald (n = 5 for length, n = 4 for body mass, n = 7 for TA and CA, n = 6 for Ix and Iy, n = 8 for Imax and Imin, n = 9 for J) | Mean | 314.4 | 79.1 | 256.0 | 197.8 | 77.6 | 7,879 | 4,173 | – | – | 12,112 | – |
| S.D. | 13.4 | 9.7 | 44.0 | 29.3 | 3.6 | 2,863 | 1,658 | – | – | 4,199 | – | |
| Min | 299 | 64.8 | 203.5 | 170.7 | 73.9 | 4,629 | 2,250 | – | – | 6,879 | – | |
| Max | 334 | 85.5 | 341.1 | 251.9 | 84.2 | 12,020 | 6,411 | – | – | 18,250 | – | |
| Early Upper Paleolithic Modern Humand (n = 20 for length, n = 15 for body mass, n = 17 for TA, CA, Ix, and Iy, n = 22 for Imax and Imin, n = 23 for J) | Mean | 326.5 | 68.4 | 298.6 | 198.6 | 67.1 | 7,119 | 4,799 | – | – | 12,138 | – |
| S.D. | 21.0 | 7.7 | 46.1 | 29.5 | 8.9 | 1,965 | 1,315 | – | – | 2,978 | – | |
| Min | 288.0 | 54.3 | 199.8 | 133.0 | 47.9 | 3,670 | 2,148 | – | – | 5,895 | – | |
| Max | 370.0 | 82.5 | 394.1 | 246.7 | 83.0 | 10,701 | 7,316 | – | – | 17,605 | – | |
| East Eurasia Late Upper Paleolithic Modern Humand (n = 7 for length, n = 5 for body mass, n = 10 for TA, CA, Ix, Iy, Imax, Imin, and J) | Mean | 273.1 | 53.2 | 227.6 | 168.4 | 74.2 | 5,106 | 2,972 | – | – | 8,078 | – |
| S.D. | 20.3 | 10.5 | 33.8 | 27.9 | 7.6 | 1463 | 955 | – | – | 2,395 | – | |
| Min | 250.0 | 42.3 | 186.7 | 138.8 | 65.7 | 3,437 | 1,900 | – | – | 5,587 | – | |
| Max | 311.0 | 70.5 | 281.8 | 225.1 | 86.5 | 7,432 | 4,724 | – | – | 11,968 | – |
Notes.
Estimated cross section location due to incomplete length.
Maximum length of the left Zhoukoudian Humerus II was reported by Weidenreich (1941) to be 324.0 mm. We estimated maximum length as 307.4 mm using a regression analysis of the distance between the deltoid tuberosity and the proximal margin of the olecranon fossa against maximum length on our comparative sample of Datong and Junziqing modern Homo sapiens (n = 33; see Text S4). In order to be conservative, we use both estimates to provide a range of standardized values for Zhoukoudian humeri about a mean value (315.7 mm). We estimated cross-sectional properties of Humerus II from its periosteal contour, and a radiograph published by Weidenreich (1941: Fig. 58B); see Text S3.
Data from Shang & Trinkaus, 2010.