Table 3. Midshaft humeral standardized properties (by estimated body mass × maximum length) of Zhoukoudian right humerus (III) and comparative samples.*.
| BM | HL | sImax | sImin | sZmax | sZmin | sJ | sZp | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZKD Humerus III | 53.6 | 307.4 | 0.362 | 0.201 | 0.035 | 0.025 | 0.562 | 0.053 |
| 53.6 | 315.7 | 0.352 | 0.195 | 0.034 | 0.0245 | 0.548 | 0.052 | |
| 53.6 | 324.0 | 0.343 | 0.190 | 0.033 | 0.024 | 0.534 | 0.050 | |
| 55.3 | 307.4 | 0.351 | 0.195 | 0.035 | 0.025 | 0.545 | 0.051 | |
| 55.3 | 315.7 | 0.341 | 0.189 | 0.034 | 0.025 | 0.531 | 0.050 | |
| 55.3 | 324.0 | 0.333 | 0.185 | 0.033 | 0.024 | 0.517 | 0.049 | |
| 51.9 | 307.4 | 0.374 | 0.207 | 0.034 | 0.024 | 0.581 | 0.055 | |
| 51.9 | 315.7 | 0.364 | 0.202 | 0.033 | 0.024 | 0.567 | 0.053 | |
| 51.9 | 324.0 | 0.354 | 0.197 | 0.032 | 0.023 | 0.551 | 0.052 | |
| KNM-ER 1,808 | 60.2 | 350 | 0.247 | 0.185 | 0.024 | 0.022 | 0.432 | 0.042 |
| 80.6 | 350 | 0.185 | 0.138 | 0.018 | 0.016 | 0.323 | 0.031 | |
| 39.8 | 350 | 0.374 | 0.279 | 0.036 | 0.033 | 0.653 | 0.063 | |
| Tianyuan 1 | 85.1 | 327.4 | 0.379 | 0.228 | 0.033 | 0.025 | 0.607 | 0.050 |
| Middle Paleolithic Modern Human (n = 2) | Mean | 0.339 | 0.282 | – | – | 0.682 | – | |
| S.D. | 0.099 | 0.047 | – | – | 0.146 | – | ||
| Min | 0.329 | 0.249 | – | – | 0.579 | – | ||
| Max | 0.469 | 0.315 | – | – | 0.785 | – | ||
| Neanderthal (n = 8 for sTA, sCA, sImax, and sImin, n = 9 for sJ) | Mean | 0.420 | 0.244 | – | – | 0.682 | – | |
| S.D. | 0.165 | 0.117 | – | – | 0.265 | – | ||
| Min | 0.222 | 0.100 | – | – | 0.322 | – | ||
| Max | 0.668 | 0.441 | – | – | 1.109 | – | ||
| Early Upper Paleolithic Modern Human (n = 7 for sTA and sCA, n = 13 for sImax, sImin, and sJ) | Mean | 0.402 | 0.266 | 0.668 | – | |||
| S.D. | 0.094 | 0.062 | 0.152 | – | ||||
| Min | 0.283 | 0.195 | 0.478 | – | ||||
| Max | 0.587 | 0.400 | 0.926 | – | ||||
| East Eurasian Late Upper Paleolithic Modern Human (n = 7) | Mean | 0.414 | 0.217 | 0.631 | – | |||
| S.D. | 0.109 | 0.030 | 0.132 | – | ||||
| Min | 0.321 | 0.175 | 0.509 | – | ||||
| Max | 0.636 | 0.259 | 0.875 | – |
Notes.
*
Humeral lengths (HL), body masses (BM), and original properties used in calculating the standardized properties are reported in Table 1, except for ZKD humeri, where three length estimates (307.4, 315.7, and 324.0 mm) and three body mass estimates (Average + 1SD = 55.3 kg, Average = 53.6 kg, Average − 1SD = 51.9 kg) were used. Three body mass estimates of KNM-ER 1808 (Average + 1SD = 80.6 kg, Average = 60.2 kg, Average − 1SD = 39.8 kg) were also used. Bold font indicates values standardized by average length and body mass estimates.