Table 4. Midshaft humeral standardized properties (by estimated body mass × maximum length) of Zhoukoudian left humerus (II) and comparative samples.^*.

	BM	HL	sImax	sImin	sZmax	sZmin	sJ	sZp
ZKD Humerus II	53.6	307.4	0.424	0.251	0.039	0.031	0.675	0.061
	53.6	315.7	0.413	0.245	0.038	0.0306	0.658	0.060
	53.6	324.0	0.402	0.239	0.037	0.030	0.641	0.058
	55.3	307.4	0.411	0.244	0.038	0.030	0.655	0.059
	55.3	315.7	0.400	0.237	0.037	0.030	0.637	0.058
	55.3	324.0	0.390	0.231	0.036	0.029	0.621	0.056
	51.9	307.4	0.438	0.260	0.040	0.032	0.698	0.063
	51.9	315.7	0.426	0.253	0.039	0.032	0.679	0.062
	51.9	324.0	0.415	0.246	0.038	0.031	0.662	0.060
Tianyuan 1	85.1	327.4	0.213	0.139	0.022	0.017	0.352	0.033
Middle Paleolithic Modern Human (n = 2)		Mean	0.291	0.207			0.498
		S.D.	0.031	0.043			0.074
		Min	0.269	0.177			0.446
		Max	0.313	0.237			0.550
Neanderthal (n = 4 for sTA, sCA, and sJ, n = 3 for sImax and sImin)		Mean	0.363	0.182			0.534
		S.D.	0.186	0.102			0.237
		Min	0.253	0.118			0.375
		Max	0.578	0.300			0.877
Early Upper Paleolithic Modern Human (n = 9 for sTA and sCA, n = 14 for sImax and syImin, n = 15 for sJ)		Mean	0.300	0.201			0.506
		S.D.	0.059	0.040			0.092
		Min	0.202	0.129			0.355
		Max	0.405	0.272			0.674
East Eurasian Late Upper Paleolithic Modern Human (n = 5)		Mean	0.313	0.186			0.500
		S.D.	0.044	0.035			0.077
		Min	0.256	0.139			0.416
		Max	0.353	0.215			0.566

Notes.

^*Humeral lengths (HL), body mass (BM), and original properties used in calculating the standardized properties are reported in Table 2, except for ZKD humeri, where three length estimates (307.4, 315.7, and 324.0 mm) and three body mass estimates (Average + 1SD = 55.3 kg, Average = 53.6 kg, Average − 1SD = 51.9 kg) were used. Bold font indicates values standardized by average length and body mass estimates.