Table 2. Association of college attainment with standardized cognitive, non-cognitive and family background predictors.
| Predictor | MTFS | SIBS – Non-Adopted | SIBS – Adopted | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | |||||||
| Wald Statistic (1 df) |
OR (CI) |
Wald Statistic (1 df) |
OR (CI) |
Wald Statistic (1 df) |
OR (CI) |
Wald Statistic (1 df) |
OR (CI) |
Wald Statistic (1 df) |
OR (CI) |
Wald Statistic (1 df) |
OR (CI) |
|
| Cognitive: | ||||||||||||
| IQ | 183.3 p < .001 |
1.9 (1.7, 2.1) |
73.5 p < .001 |
1.6 (1.4, 1.8) |
32.7 p < .001 |
2.0 (1.6, 2.5) |
12.9 p < .001 |
1.6 (1.3, 2.1) |
60.9 p < .001 |
2.1 (1.8, 2.6) |
36.3 p < .001 |
1.9 (1.6, 2.4) |
| Non-Cognitive: | ||||||||||||
| Alienation* | 69.7 p < .001 |
1.4 (1.3,1.5) |
24.9 p < .001 |
1.7 (1.4, 2.1) |
20.3 p < .001 |
1.5 (1.2, 1.7) |
||||||
| Aggression* | 47.5 p < .001 |
1.3 (1.2,1.5) |
30.3 p < .001 |
1.8 (1.5, 2.2) |
17.5 p < .001 |
1.5 (1.2, 1.8) |
||||||
| Control | 70.8 p < .001 |
1.4 (1.3, .15) |
32.9 p < .001 |
1.9 (1.5, 2.4) |
33.9 p < .001 |
1.6 (1.4, 1.9) |
||||||
| Academic Effort | 165.9 p < .001 |
2.6 (2.2, 3.0) |
49.8 p < .001 |
2.4 (1.9, 3.0) |
70.9 p < .001 |
2.4 (2.0, 3.0) |
||||||
| Academic Problems* | 128.6 p < .001 |
1.9 (1.7, 2.1) |
62.7 p < .001 |
2.8 (2.2, 3.7) |
125.6 p < .001 |
3.1 (2.6, 3.8) |
||||||
| Externalizing* | 105.2 p < .001 |
1.6 (1.4, 1.7) |
38.1 p < .001 |
1.9 (1.6, 2.4) |
53.6 p < .001 |
2.0 (1.7, 2.4) |
||||||
| Composite | 208.8 p < .001 |
2.2 (2.0, 2.4) |
146.0 p < .001 |
2.1 (1.9, 2.4) |
68.3 p < .001 |
3.2 (2.5, 4.3) |
58.4 p < .001 |
3.1 (2.3, 4.2) |
119.1 p < .001 |
3.0 (2.4, 3.6) |
104.6 p < .001 |
2.9 (2.4, 3.5) |
| Background: | ||||||||||||
| Family Income | 105.1 p < .001 |
1.8 (1.6, 2.0) |
17.9 p < .001 |
1.6 (1.3, 2.1) |
13.5 p < .001 |
1.5 (1.2, 1.8) |
||||||
| Parent Occupation | 125.7 p < .001 |
1.9 (1.7, 2.1) |
25.6 p < .001 |
1.8 (1.4, 2.2) |
9.0 p = .03 |
1.4 (1.1, 1.7) |
||||||
| Parent Education | 212.6 p < .001 |
2.3 (2.1, 2.6) |
43.7 p < .001 |
2.1 (1.7, 2.7) |
6.0 p = .02 |
1.3 (1.1, 1.5) |
||||||
| Composite | 212.6 p < .001 |
2.3 (2.1, 2.6) |
146.5 p < .001 |
2.1 (1.9, 2.4) |
41.4 p < .001 |
2.0 (1.6, 2.5) |
24.7 p < .001 |
1.8 (1.4, 2.3) |
17.3 p < .001 |
1.5 (1.2, 1.8) |
17.2 p < .001 |
1.6 (1.3, 2.0) |
Note: All predictors were standardized in these analyses, which took into account gender and age at the relevant follow-up. College attainment was completion of a 4-year degree by the age-29 assessment in the Minnesota Twin Family Study (MTFS) and completion of a 4-year degree or currently attending college at the time of the second follow-up in the Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study (SIBS).
*
Results for predictors negatively associated with college attainment have been reflected to facilitate comparisons