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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Sep 21;66(1):48–55. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15080

Table 3.

Association between resident characteristics and long-term opioid use (N=315,949).

Characteristic Long-term opioid use, % Crude PR (95% CI) Adjusted PRa (95% CI)
Age, years
 65–74 16.5 Referent Referent
 75–84 15.7 0.93 (0.91–0.95) 0.97 (0.95–1.00)
 ≥85 15.0 0.88 (0.86–0.90) 0.94 (0.92–0.97)
Gender
 Men 11.6 Referent Referent
 Women 16.7 1.40 (1.37–1.43) 1.21 (1.18–1.23)
Race/ethnicity
 Non-Hispanic White 16.6 Referent Referent
 Non-Hispanic Black 11.7 0.77 (0.75–0.80) 0.93 (0.90–0.95)
 Hispanic/Latino 9.4 0.69 (0.66–0.73) 0.84 (0.80–0.88)
 Asian 6.4 0.51 (0.46–0.57) 0.69 (0.61–0.77)
 Other 12.6 0.81 (0.72–0.90) 0.89 (0.80–0.99)
Cognitive Impairment
 No/mild 21.9 Referent Referent
 Moderate 15.0 0.69 (0.68–0.71) 0.89 (0.87–0.91)
 Severe 12.1 0.56 (0.54–0.57) 0.82 (0.79–0.83)
Physical impairment
 No/mild 15.8 Referent Referent
 Moderate 15.1 0.95 (0.93–0.97) 1.04 (1.02–1.06)
 Severe 15.9 1.04 (1.02–1.07) 1.25 (1.22–1.28)

Abbreviations: CI: confidence interval; PR: prevalence ratio

a

Prevalence ratios were estimated using modified Poisson models (using generalized estimating equations to account for clustering within nursing homes).39 Models are adjusted for all resident characteristics in Table 1 and state of residence.