Table 1.
Sample Characteristics, HRS by Sex.
| Women | Men | |||||
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| 1A | 1B | 1C | 2A | 2B | 2C | |
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| Hypertensive subsample |
Smokers subsample |
Inactive subsample |
Hypertensive subsample |
Smokers subsample |
Inactive subsample |
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| %/Mean (SD) | %/Mean (SD) | %/Mean (SD) | %/Mean (SD) | %/Mean (SD) | %/Mean (SD) | |
| Health behavior change | ||||||
| Antihypertensive medication use | 82.6% | — | — | 78.8% | — | — |
| Smoking cessation | — | 17.0% | — | — | 18.5% | — |
| Physical activity initiation | — | — | 21.9% | — | — | 28.8% |
| Educational attainment | ||||||
| Education (years) | 12.3 (3.0) | 11.6 (2.7) | 11.8 (3.1) | 12.2 (3.6) | 11.5 (3.4) | 12.0 (3.5) |
| Less than high school | 22.3% | 32.7% | 28.7% | 25.1% | 31.5% | 27.5% |
| High school degree | 39.9% | 40.9% | 39.6% | 34.5% | 35.7% | 34.6% |
| Some college | 21.4% | 18.5% | 19.2% | 19.4% | 20.8% | 19.1% |
| College degree | 16.4% | 7.9% | 12.5% | 21.0% | 11.9% | 18.9% |
| Prior chronic illness diagnosis | ||||||
| Diabetes | 7.9% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 11.3% | 0.8% | 0.8% |
| Heart problem | 7.3% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 12.3% | 0.9% | 0.8% |
| Stroke | 1.9% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 2.7% | 0.2% | 0.2% |
| Simultaneous chronic illness diagnosis | ||||||
| Diabetes | 4.2% | 2.8% | 3.3% | 5.4% | 3.6% | 3.6% |
| Heart problem | 5.1% | 4.0% | 3.4% | 6.5% | 4.7% | 4.1% |
| Stroke | 2.2% | 2.2% | 1.5% | 3.1% | 2.4% | 1.8% |
| Cancer | 1.4% | 1.7% | 1.7% | 3.1% | 2.9% | 2.5% |
| Psychological problem | 3.3% | 2.5% | 2.5% | 2.5% | 2.5% | 2.0% |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age | 62.5 (6.5) | 61.4 (6.2) | 62.8 (6.5) | 63.0 (6.1) | 61.9 (5.9) | 63.2 (6.1) |
| Partnered | 66.8% | 54.0% | 61.0% | 84.0% | 74.4% | 82.2% |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 75.2% | 71.1% | 66.4% | 74.5% | 69.6% | 72.7% |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 14.7% | 21.4% | 22.6% | 13.3% | 21.4% | 17.6% |
| Hispanic | 10.1% | 7.5% | 11.0% | 12.3% | 9.1% | 9.7% |
| Other measures | ||||||
| Health insurance | 88.5% | — | — | 90.1% | — | — |
| Any other medication | 18.6% | — | — | 27.2% | — | — |
| Mobility limitation | 1.5 (1.6) | 1.1 (1.5) | ||||
| Work full-time | — | — | 23.4% | — | — | 34.8% |
| Work part-time | — | — | 7.0% | — | — | 2.9% |
| Partner smoker | — | 20.7% | — | — | 26.4% | — |
| Partner nonsmoker | — | 31.3% | — | — | 45.9% | — |
| Partner smoking status missing | — | 48.0% | — | — | 27.7% | — |
| Sample size | 2,256 | 1,564 | 5,760 | 1,621 | 1,385 | 4,278 |
| Panel observations | 2,256 | 6,299 | 20,980 | 1,621 | 5,157 | 13,505 |
Note. The table is divided by gender and splits into three subgroups at risk of making each particular health behavior change. The hypertensive subsample includes all respondents diagnosed with hypertension. The other subsamples include respondents who smoked or were inactive in the previous waves, respectively. Health behavior changes reflect a change between two waves among at-risk respondents. Prior chronic illness diagnoses were measured in the wave prior to health behaviors. Educational attainment, simultaneous chronic illness diagnoses, demographic characteristics, and other measures were all measured in the same wave as the health behaviors. HRS = Health and Retirement Study.