. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2017 Jul 15;1864(4 Pt B):1220–1231. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.024

Table 3.

Factors that stimulate or inhibit cholangiocyte proliferation.

Class	Known stimulators of proliferation	Known inhibitors of proliferation
Gastrointestinal hormones	Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1)	Somatostatin
Gastrointestinal hormones	Exendin-4 (GLP1 receptor agonist)	Gastrin
Bile acids	Taurocholate (large cholangiocytes only)	Ursodeoxycholic acid (all cholangiocytes)
Bile acids	Taurolithocholic acid (large cholangiocytes only)	Tauroursodeoxycholate (all cholangiocytes)
Angiogenic factors	Vascular endothelial growth factor
	Angiopoietin-1
	Angiopoietin-2
Neuropeptides and neurotransmitters	Serotonin Nerve growth factor
	Parasympathetic innervation
	Sympathetic innervation
	Alpha-calcitonin
	Histamine
Hormones	17-β-estradiol
Hormones	Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Other	Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)