Table 1. Basic characteristics of patients undergoing epicardial approaches (N = 80).
| Clinical characteristics | |
| Age | 45 ± 14 |
| Sex (male, %) | 60 (75%) |
| Underlying diseases | |
| Hypertension | 18 (22.5%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 7 (8.8%) |
| Heart failure | 18 (24.7%) |
| Dyslipidemia | 10 (12.5%) |
| Thyroid dysfunction | 2 (%) |
| ICD implantation | 60 (75.0%) |
| Structural assessment | |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 52 ± 11 |
| Right ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 42 ± 10 |
| Clinical manifestations | |
| Syncope | 36 (45.0%) |
| Palpitation | 66 (82.5%) |
| Dyspnea | 28 (35.0%) |
| ICD shock or sudden cardiac arrest | 43 (53.8%) |
| Hemodynamic support during the procedure | 3 (3.8%) |
| Previous failed endocardial procedure | 42 (52.5%) |
ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator.