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Table 1. Characteristics of cases and controls.

Before matching Frequency matching by age and index year Propensity score matching
No PE/DVT (n = 392614) PE/DVT (n = 2282) p value No PE/DVT (n = 9128) PE/DVT (n = 2282) p value No PE/DVT (n = 8690) PE/DVT (n = 2227) p value
Age 43.15 ± 16.83 64.05 ± 16.11 < 0.001 63.38 ± 16.16 64.05 ± 16.11 0.076 63.6 ± 16.08 64.01 ± 16.05 0.281
Income 15921 ± 13267 12339 ± 11740 < 0.001 130233 ± 12668 12339 ± 11740 0.014 12473.84 ± 12295.71 12415 ± 11794.15 0.839
Comorbidity disease at baseline
 Hypertension 54776 (13.95%) 1318 (57.76%) < 0.001 3512 (38.48%) 1318 (57.76%) < 0.001 4914 (56.55%) 1266 (56.85%) 0.799
 Hyperlipidemia 27001 (6.88%) 581 (25.46%) < 0.001 1481 (16.22%) 581 (25.46%) < 0.001 2100 (24.17%) 550 (24.7%) 0.602
 Diabetes mellitus 24248 (6.18%) 638 (27.96%) < 0.001 1557 (17.06%) 638 (27.96%) < 0.001 2210 (25.43%) 602 (27.03%) 0.123
 Obesity 754 (0.19%) 26 (1.14%) < 0.001 26 (0.28%) 26 (1.14%) < 0.001 74 (0.85%) 22 (0.99%) 0.539
 CKD 7455 (1.9%) 413 (18.1%) < 0.001 475 (5.2%) 413 (18.1%) < 0.001 1087 (12.51%) 371 (16.66%) < 0.001
 Stroke 11095 (2.83%) 415 (18.19%) < 0.001 876 (9.6%) 415 (18.19%) < 0.001 1390 (16%) 388 (17.42%) 0.104
 COPD 19973 (5.09%) 474 (20.77%) < 0.001 1029 (11.27%) 474 (20.77%) < 0.001 1572 (18.09%) 451 (20.25%) 0.019
 CAD 17199 (4.38%) 612 (26.82%) < 0.001 1247 (13.66%) 612 (26.82%) < 0.001 2053 (23.62%) 579 (26%) 0.019
 CHF 5937 (1.51%) 464 (20.33%) < 0.001 483 (5.29%) 464 (20.33%) < 0.001 1256 (14.45%) 425 (19.08%) < 0.001
 PAOD 1423 (0.36%) 150 (6.57%) < 0.001 97 (1.06%) 150 (6.57%) < 0.001 282 (3.25%) 123 (5.52%) < 0.001
 Cardiac dysarrhythmia 8970 (2.28%) 342 (14.99%) < 0.001 578 (6.33%) 342 (14.99%) < 0.001 1063 (12.23%) 324 (14.55%) 0.003
 Cancer 8217 (2.09%) 428 (18.76%) < 0.001 440 (4.82%) 428 (18.76%) < 0.001 1239 (14.26%) 397 (17.83%) < 0.001
 Anemia 14468 (3.69%) 397 (17.4%) < 0.001 581 (6.37%) 397 (17.4%) < 0.001 1097 (12.62%) 362 (16.26%) < 0.001
 Lower leg fracture or surgery 8123 (2.07%) 363 (15.91%) < 0.001 567 (6.21%) 363 (15.91%) < 0.001 1096 (12.61%) 345 (15.49%) < 0.001
Medication use
 Diabetic drugs 17475 (4.45%) 466 (20.42%) < 0.002 1143 (12.52%) 466 (20.42%) < 0.001 1624 (18.69%) 437 (19.62%) 0.315
 Statin 15102 (3.85%) 449 (19.68%) < 0.001 943 (10.33%) 449 (19.68%) < 0.001 1543 (17.76%) 419 (18.81%) 0.246
 Hormonal replacement therapy 22738 (5.79%) 318 (13.94%) < 0.001 979 (10.73%) 318 (13.94%) < 0.001 1201 (13.82%) 310 (13.92%) 0.903
 Ferric or Ferrous tablet 2223 (0.57%) 81 (3.55%) < .0001 92 (1.01%) 81 (3.55%) < .0001 187 (2.15%) 72 (3.23%) 0.0028
 Antihypertensive drugs 45928 (11.7%) 1207 (52.89%) < 0.001 2943 (32.24%) 1207 (52.89%) < 0.001 4389 (50.51%) 1156 (51.91%) 0.238
Exposure
 Leiomyoma 16955 (4.32%) 116 (5.08%) 0.073 330 (3.62%) 116 (5.08%) 0.001 356 (4.10%) 111 (4.98%) 0.065
Propensity score 0.01 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.08 < 0.001 0.01 ± 0.04 0.05 ± 0.08 < 0.001 0.03 ± 0.05 0.04 ± 0.06 < 0.001

CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DVT, deep venous thrombosis; PAOD, peripheral arterial occlusive disease; PE, pulmonary embolism.