Table 4.
Multivariate regression analyses of the associations between head injury and relative headache status in HUNT3 versus HUNT2 with regard both to suffering from headache as well as to change in headache frequency
| All | Men | Women | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjustment for age and sex | Complete adjustmenta | Complete adjustmenta | Complete adjustmenta | ||
| N | N (OR, 95% CI) | N (OR, 95% CI) | N (OR, 95% CI) | N (OR, 95% CI) | |
| Improvement of headache status1 | |||||
| No head injury (reference) | 25,662 | 5413 (ref.) | 5413 (ref.) | 1852 (ref.) | 3561 (ref.) |
| Any head injury | 294 | 59 (1.22, 0.89–1.68) | 59 (1.21, 0.85–1,72) | 28 (1.30, 0.81–2.08) | 31 (1.06, 0.63–1.80) |
| Minimal head injury | 35 | 12 (1.62, 0.76–3.44) | 12 (1.35, 0.56–3.24) | 2 (0.76, 0.15–3.82) | 10 (1.65, 0.54–4.98) |
| Mild head injury | 211 | 40 (1.26, 0.86–1.84) | 40 (1.27, 0.83–1.95) | 20 (1.39, 0.79–2.47) | 20 (1.09, 0.58–2.07) |
| Moderate head injury | 32 | 6 (1.16, 0.44–3.02 | 6 (1.23, 0.45–3.31) | 5 (1.51, 0.51–4.42) | 1 (0.66, 0.06–7.63) |
| Stable headache suffering and frequency2 | |||||
| No head injury (reference) | 25,662 | 4234 (ref.) | 4234 (ref.) | 1302 (ref.) | 2932 (ref.) |
| Any head injury | 294 | 55 (1.55, 1.11–2.15) | 55 (1.60, 1.12–2.28) | 28 (1.86, 1.16–2.99) | 27 (1.30, 0.76–2.21) |
| Minimal head injury | 35 | 5 (0.88, 0.32–2.45) | 5 (0.71, 0.23–2.25) | 3 (1.37, 0.33–5.68) | 2 (0.28, 0.03–2.39) |
| Mild head injury | 211 | 40 (1.71, 1.15–2.53) | 40 (1.83, 1.20–2.79) | 20 (2.14, 1.22–3.76) | 20 (1.48, 0.79–2.77) |
| Moderate head injury | 32 | 5 (1.26, 0.44–3.61) | 5 (1.06, 0.33–3.40) | 3 (0.87, 0.19–4.02) | 2 (1.40, 0.18–10.82) |
| Exacerbation of headache status3 | |||||
| No head injury (reference) | 25,662 | 3026 (ref.) | 3026 (ref.) | 1181 (ref.) | 1845 (ref.) |
| Any head injury | 294 | 43 (1.55, 1.09–2.21) | 43 (1.52, 1.02–2.25) | 26 (1.87, 1.14–3.05) | 17 (1.08, 0.56–2.08) |
| Minimal head injury | 35 | 1 (0.24, 0.03–1.83) | 1 (0.26, 0.03–2.03) | 1 (0.62, 0.07–5.16) | 0 (−) |
| Mild head injury | 211 | 37 (2.00, 1.35–2.98) | 37 (1.93, 1.24–3.02) | 22 (2.40, 1.37–4.21) | 15 (1.37, 0.66–2.85) |
| Moderate head injury | 32 | 5 (1.56, 0.55–4.41) | 5 (1.65, 0.57–4.79) | 3 (1.42, 0.39–5.22) | 2 (2.09, 0.27–16.16) |
One analysis was done with head injury as a binary variable (no head injury/any head injury) and a separate analysis was done with head injury in four categories according to head injury severity (no head injury/minimal head injury/mild head injury/moderate head injury). The head injury severity was classified according to the Head Injury Severity Scale (HISS)
Reference category: Stable non-sufferer (absence of headache suffering in both surveys)
Abbreviations: OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval
1Improvement of headache status: Absence of previously reported headache or decrease in its frequency
2Stable headache suffering and frequency: Headache suffering in both HUNT2 and HUNT3 with the same frequency in both studies
3Exacerbation of headache status: New onset of headache or increased frequency of previously reported headache
aAnalyses are adjusted for age, sex, duration of education, daily smoking, CAGE score ≥ 1 and HADS-score