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. 2018 Jan 22;8:1377. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19403-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Biological nitrogen fixation along secondary successional forest chronosequence. (A) symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF), (B) leaf litter asymbiotic N fixation (FNF), and (C) soil asymbiotic N fixation. Data is shown as boxplot with the median value indicated by the band near the middle of the box, the first and third quartiles are the top and bottom of the box, respectively, the maximum and minimum values excluding outliers are the whiskers. The effect of forest age is not significant for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (p > 0.05; ANOVA) or asymbiotic nitrogen fixation p > 0.05; K-W test).