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. 2018 Jan 22;8:1350. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19848-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of air-liquid interfacial area on enzymatic hydrolysis of Avicel with and without surfactant. Columns show cellulose conversion after 5, 11, and 17 days of enzymatic hydrolysis of Avicel (1% glucan loading) with 5 mg enzyme (Accellerase^® 1500) and with co-addition of 5 mg of Tween 20 added based on per gram glucan in substrate. Reaction volume was kept constant at 10 ml, and reactions were performed in 25, 125, and 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks. Error bars represent standard deviation from three replicate flasks.