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. 2018 Jan 18;9:22. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00022

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Copyright © 2018 Das, Yang, Arifuzzaman, Kim, Kim, Jung, Lee and Chai.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Differences in the expression of selected transcription factors (TFs) and transcription co-factors (TcoFs) between interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13-treated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). (A,B) Heat map representation of TFs and TcoFs that were commonly upregulated in IL-4 and IL-13-treated BMDMs, respectively. (C) Patterns of TF motif enrichment within the promoters of the common upregulated genes in IL-4 and IL-13-treated BMDMs. (D) Validation of commonly upregulated TFs in IL-4 and IL-13-treated BMDMs. Gene expression was normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase transcript levels. **P < 0.001 compared with the control. The data represent three independent biological experiments. (E) Venn diagrams of common upregulated genes associated with EGR2, MYC, and IRF1 in IL-4 and IL-13-treated BMDMs. (F) The activity of the highly associated M2-associated genes EGR2, MYC, and IRF1 led to the activation of this network, as assessed using the ingenuity pathway analysis molecule activity predictor in IL-4 and IL-13-treated BMDMs. (G) Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay to determine the binding of IRF1 to target genes. The ChIP-enriched samples were subjected to quantitative PCR with selected genes promoters. The graphs represent the mean fold values of enrichment relative to IgG control from three independent experiments. *P ≤ 0.01 and **P ≤ 0.001 compared with the control.