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. 2018 Jan 22;8:1339. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19760-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Superposed epoch analysis. Solar irradiance (this study) and northern Fennoscandian summer-temperature (June through August) reconstructions³⁷ centered on eleven large volcanic eruptions of the past two centuries³⁴ overlapping our living tree δ¹³C chronology (AD 1831–2011) expressed by their reconstructed values (a,b) and values normalized relative to the AD 1961–1990 period (c) and with respect to the five years preceding the volcanic events (d). Consistent with an expected response³⁴, the strongest signal of temperature response during the summer season was demonstrated for year +2 (vertical dashed line). Our new chronology illustrates this response also as a reduction in solar irradiance.