Table 3.
Multivariable Cox regression analyses with hospital as strata for all-cause death, HF hospitalisation, composite end-point and cardiovascular death
| All-cause death | HF hospitalisation | Composite end-point (all-cause death+HF hospitalisation) |
CV death | |||||
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
| HFrEF | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||||
| HFmrEF | 0.93 (0.80 to 1.08) | 0.338 | 1.00 (0.84 to 1.20) | 0.98 | 0.94 (0.82 to 1.07) | 0.358 | 0.80 (0.64 to 1.01) | 0.061 |
| HFpEF | 0.93 (0.81 to 1.06) | 0.265 | 1.18 (1.02 to 1.38) | 0.032 | 0.95 (0.84 to 1.06) | 0.362 | 0.75 (0.62 to 0.92) | 0.006 |
| Female | 0.75 (0.67 to 0.84) | <0.001 | – | 0.85 (0.77 to 0.94) | 0.002 | 0.75 (0.64 to 0.88) | <0.001 | |
| Age | 1.03 (1.03 to 1.04) | <0.001 | – | 1.02 (1.02 to 1.03) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.02 to 1.04) | <0.001 | |
| Heart rate | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.013 | – | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.008 | – | ||
| DBP | 0.99 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.002 | 0.99 (0.99 to 1.0) | 0.044 | 0.99 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.001 | 0.99 (0.98 to 0.99) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 0.86 (0.78 to 0.96) | 0.004 | 1.25 (1.10 to 1.41) | <0.001 | – | – | ||
| DM | 1.30 (1.17 to 1.44) | <0.001 | 1.22 (1.08 to 1.37) | 0.002 | 1.27 (1.16 to 1.39) | <0.001 | 1.27 (1.11 to 1.47) | <0.001 |
| COPD | 1.32 (1.17 to 1.48) | <0.001 | 1.27 (1.10 to 1.47) | <0.001 | 1.30 (1.17 to 1.45) | <0.001 | – | |
| BMI | 0.98 (0.97 to 0.99) | <0.001 | – | – | – | |||
| Sodium | – | – | – | 0.99 (0.97 to 1.00) | 0.024 | |||
| Haemoglobin | 0.93 (0.90 to 0.96) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.87 to 0.93) | <0.001 | 0.91 (0.89 to 0.93) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.89 to 0.97) | 0.001 |
| eGFR | 0.99 (0.99 to 1.00) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.99 to 0.99) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.99 to 1.00) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.99 to 0.99) | <0.001 |
| NYHA class III–IV | 1.62 (1.46 to 1.80) | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.18 to 1.51) | <0.001 | 1.54 (1.40 to 1.69) | <0.001 | 1.61 (1.39 to 1.86) | <0.001 |
| ACEI or ARB | 0.70 (0.62 to 0.81) | <0.001 | – | 0.74 (0.65 to 0.83) | <0.001 | – | ||
| Beta-blockers | 0.60 (0.53 to 0.69) | <0.001 | – | 0.70 (0.62 to 0.79) | <0.001 | 0.60 (0.49 to 0.72) | <0.001 | |
| Loop diuretics | 1.28 (1.04 to 1.57) | 0.020 | 2.97 (2.18 to 4.06) | <0.001 | 1.61 (1.33 to 1.94) | <0.001 | 1.88 (1.32 to 2.67) | <0.001 |
| CRT | 0.70 (0.55 to 0.89) | 0.003 | – | – | – | |||
| ICD | – | – | – | 0.77 (0.60 to 0.98) | 0.032 | |||
| MRA | – | 1.18 (1.03 to 1.34) | 0.014 | – | – | |||
| Digoxin | – | 1.48 (1.29 to 1.69) | <0.001 | – | 1.26 (1.08 to 1.47) | 0.004 | ||
| Anticoagulants | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Hypertension | – | – | 1.12 (1.01 to 1.25) | 0.033 | – | |||
ACEI, ACE inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT, cardiac resynchronisation therapy; CV, cardiovascular; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (CKD-EPI equation); HF, heart failure; HFmrEF, HF with mid-range left ventricle ejection fraction; HFpEF, HF with preserved left ventricle ejection fraction; HFrEF, HF with reduced left ventricle ejection fraction; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; NYHA, New York Heart Association.