Table 4.

Results from Hooked on Nicotine Checklist for assessing loss of autonomy over cigarettes and adapted version for assessing loss of autonomy over electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS)*

	ENDS users (n=27)	Dual users (n=28)		Cigarette smokers (n=27)
	Over ENDS		Over cigarettes
Individual items measured in HONC, %
1. Have you ever tried to quit cigarettes (using an ENDS), but couldn’t?	18.5	18.5	78.6	51.9
2. Do you smoke (use your ENDS) now because it is really hard to quit smoking cigarettes (using an ENDS)?	32.1	40.7	75.0	48.2
3. Have you ever felt like you were addicted to cigarettes (an ENDS)?	28.6	37.0	82.1	70.4
4. Do you ever have strong cravings to smoke (use an ENDS)?	50.0	59.3	96.4	85.2
5. Have you ever felt like you really needed a cigarette (an ENDS)?	57.1	59.3	100.0	92.6
6. Is it hard to keep from smoking (using an ENDS) in places where you are not supposed to?	35.7	25.9	53.6	44.4
When you haven’t smoked cigarettes (used an ENDS) for a while OR When you tried to stop smoking cigarettes (using an ENDS)…
7. …did you find it hard to concentrate because you couldn’t smoke a cigarette (use an ENDS)?	28.6	22.2	57.1	38.5
8. …do you feel more irritable because you couldn’t smoke a cigarette (use an ENDS)?	25.0	48.2	71.4	74.1
9. …did you feel a strong need or urge to smoke a cigarette (use an ENDS)?	57.1	59.3	89.3	81.5
10. …did you feel nervous, restless, or anxious because you couldn’t smoke a cigarette (use an ENDS)?	28.6	37.0	75.0	55.6

*Substitute the italicized word with the words in parenthesis for assessing loss of autonomy over ENDS.