. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 23.

Published in final edited form as: Sex Transm Dis. 2017 Aug;44(8):466–476. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000633

TABLE 2.

Summary of STD Prevalence Estimates From Articles Included in the Systematic Review

Author(s) Publication Date	Study	STD	STD Prevalence Rates	Other
Noell et al. (2001)¹⁵	Sample size N = 536	STD assessment Biologic sample: urine and blood Period assessed 1994–1997 Specific STDs tested for in study Chlamydia (CT), herpes, hepatitis B, hepatitis C	Positive for CT Males, 4.73% (n = 15/319) Females, 6.45% (n = 14/217) Positive for HSV-2 Males, 5.52% (n = 17) Females, 11.85% (n = 25) Positive for HBV Males, 4.19% (n = 13) Females, 1.42% (n = 3) Positive for HCV Males, 4.84% (n = 15) Females, 3.77% (n = 8)	STD incidence higher among females than males (16.7% vs. 9.8%) HCV infection incidence higher among males than females (11.6% vs. 0%)
Rew et al. (2002)¹⁶	Sample size N = 414	STD assessment Self-report (no timeframe reported) Period assessed Not reported Specific STDs asked about in study GC, CT, syphilis	Positive for GC 117 (37.9%) tested, 103 (24.9%) diagnosed, 100 (24.2%) treated Positive for CT 88 (21.3%) tested, 36 (8.7%) diagnosed, 34 (8.2%) treated Positive for syphilis 79 (19.1%) tested, 16 (3.9%) diagnosed, 15 (3.6%) treated
Van Leeuwen et al. (2002)¹⁷	Sample size Not reported	STD assessment Biologic sample: urine Period assessed Not reported Specific STDs tested for in study GC, CT	• 414 CT and 302 GC tests were performed Positive for CT, 11.6% Positive for GC, 2.6%
Beech et al. (2003)¹⁸	Sample size N = 125	STD assessment Biologic Sample: blood Period assessed Not reported Specific STDs tested for in study Hepatitis B, hepatitis C	Positive for HBV, 17% Positive for HCV, 12%
Halcon and Lifson (2004)¹⁹	Sample Size N = 203	STD assessment Self-report (ever) Period assessed 1998–1999 Specific STDs asked about in study Gonorrhea (GC), syphilis, chlamydia (CT), herpes, genital warts, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, crabs	• 31.5% of participants reported a history of at least one STD [history of any STD (males n = 27;females n = 37)/total participants involved in sexual risks (n = 103)] Positive for GC, 9.9% Positive for syphilis, 3.5% Positive for CT,* 18.3% Females, 31.7% Males, 9.2% Positive for herpes, 4.4% Positive for genital warts, 3.5% Positive for hepatitis B, 5.9% • 7 youth reported a history of crabs *Chlamydia was the only STD that was broken out by sex
Rew et al. (2005)²⁰	Sample size N = 425	STD Assessment Self-Report (ever) Period assessed Not reported Specific STDs asked about in study GC, CT, syphilis	Positive for GC Gay/lesbian, 33% Bisexual, 40% Heterosexual, 19% Positive for CT Gay/lesbian, 11% Bisexual, 11% Heterosexual, 8% Positive for syphilis Gay/lesbian, 5% Bisexual, 4% Heterosexual, 3%
Solorio et al. (2006)²¹	Sample size N = 261 n = 131 sexually active in 3 mo prior	STD assessment Self-report (past 3 mo) Period assessed 2001–2002 Specific STDs asked about in study Not reported	Overall positivity rate was 32% [total STD positive (n = 19)/total received STD test (n = 60)] 46% of females were STD positive [received STD test (n = 37)/STD test positive (n = 17)] 9% of males were STD positive [received STD test (n = 23)/STD test positive (n = 2)]
Buffardi et al. (2008)²²	Sample size N = 90,000 participated in school-based survey n = 20,748 also completed more detailed questionnaire n = 15,197 completed computer-assisted survey n = 14,012 provided urine for STD testing	STD assessment Biologic sample: urine Self-report (past 12 mo) Period assessed 1994 July 2001 to April 2002 Specific STDs asked about and tested for in study GC, CT, syphilis, T vaginalis, M genitalium, HPV, herpes	• Prevalent STD (n = 11,594) • STD diagnoses in the previous year (n = 14,058) Positive for CT 4.2% Positive for GC 0.4% Positive for T. vaginalis 2.3% • Combined prevalence of self-reported STD diagnosis in the last 12 months was 6.4% (2.8% CT, 1.3% HPV, 1.3% genital warts, 1.1% herpes, 1.0% GC, 0.7% T. vaginalis, 0.2% syphilis) • HPV was detected in 26.9% of tested women
Tevendale et al. (2009)²³	Sample Size N = 302 n = 192 youth who reported that they had engaged in vaginal or anal sex 3 mo prior	STD assessment Self-report (ever and past 3 mo) Period assessed 2004–2005 Specific STDs asked about in study CT, syphilis, herpes, NGU, HPV, trichomonas	Diagnosed with an STD in 3 mo prior All youth, 9.4% Females, 19.1% Males, 1.9% Diagnosed with an STD in their lifetime All youth, 23.6% Females, 36.9% Males, 13.1%
Valente and Auerswald CL (2013)²⁴	Sample size N =258	STD assessment Biologic sample: urine Period assessed Not reported Specific STDs tested for in study GC, CT	Positive for CT/GC Female, 11.0% Male, 4.8%	No male with a housed contact was positive for an STI, whereas 9.9% of males without a housed contact were positive (P = .003) Young men who named a same sex friend had decreased likelihood of having an STD (OR, .16; 95% CI, 0.03–0.80; P = .026)