Table 4.

The average annual change rate of functional limitations by education, age group, and sex, NHIS 2000–2014^b

	Average annual change rate, %
	N = 89 568
	Vision problems	Diabetes	Hypertension	Weight problems (BMI≥30)	Adjusting for the four chronic conditions
All
ADL	2.2**	1.1*	1.4**	1.6**	1.6**
IADL	0.8**	−0.2	0.0	1.3	0.1
Physical function	2.3**	1.6**	1.5**	1.5**	1.2**
Education
ADL
Less than high school	2.8**a	1.6*a	2.0*a	2.2**a	2.1**a
High school	3.1**a	2.1**a	2.3**a	2.4**a	2.4**a
More than high school (reference)	0.5	−0.5	−0.3	−0.1	0.0
IADL
Less than high school	0.9*	−0.2	0.1	0.4	0.3
High school	1.3*	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.5
More than high school (reference)	0.3	−0.7	−0.6	−0.6	−0.5
Physical function
Less than high school	2.8**	1.9**	1.9**	2.2**	1.8**
High school	2.3**	1.6**	1.5**	1.5**	1.1**
More than high school (reference)	2.1**	1.4**	1.3**	1.1**	1.0**
Age group
ADL
65–74 years	1.7*	1.0	1.3*	1.6*	1.3*
75–84 years	2.1**	0.9	1.3*	1.4*	1.4*
≥85 years (reference)	3.0**	1.5*	1.7*	1.9*	2.2**
IADL
65–74 years	0.5	−0.2	0.4	0.1	−0.2
75–84 years	0.7	−0.5	−0.2	−0.1	−0.1
≥85 years (reference)	1.6*	0.3	0.3	0.6	0.9
Physical function
65–74 years	2.1**a	1.6**a	1.5**a	1.4**	1.0**
75–84 years	2.2**a	1.2**a	1.2**a	1.2**	1.1**
≥85 years (reference)	4.2**	3.1**	2.7**	3.3**	3.3**
Sex
ADL
Males	1.5*	0.2	0.6	0.8	0.7
Females (reference)	2.6**	1.6**	1.8**	1.9**	2.0**
IADL
Males	0.5	−0.7	−0.5	−0.3	−0.4
Females (reference)	1.0**	0.0	0.2	0.3	0.3
Physical function
Males	2.3**	1.5**	1.3**	1.4**	1.0**
Females (reference)	2.3**	1.7**	1.6**	1.6**	1.4**

^*P < 0.05,

^**P < 0.001.

^aThe difference in the annual rate relative to that of the reference group was statistically significant at P < 0.05.

^bThe average annual change rate was estimated using a logistic model that adjusted for age group, sex, race, Hispanic origin, education, and marital status.

The annual change rate by subgroup was estimated by adding an interaction term of the trend variable and the characteristic of interest in the logistic model.