Table 1. Summary of the methods that have been attempted or proposed for preventing artificial surface fouling from infectious or thrombotic causes.
| Infection prevention methods |
| Antibiotic infusion |
| Minocycline (16-18) |
| Rifampin (16-18) |
| Catheter materials |
| Polytetrafluoroethylene (21) |
| Polyurethane (21) |
| Antiseptic coating |
| Chlorhexidine (19,20) |
| Sulfadiazine (19,20) |
| Other |
| Silver (11) |
| Heparin (16) |
| Thrombosis prevention methods |
| Hydrophilic polymers |
| Polyethylene glycol (49) |
| Zwitterionic materials |
| Phosphorylcholines (51,52) |
| Other coatings |
| Pyrolytic carbon (55-57) |
| Albumin (62) |
| Heparin (65) |
| Direct thrombin inhibitors (71-73) |
| Sirolimus (74) |
| SLIPs (77-81) |
| Micropatterning |
| Lotus leaf conical cells (85) |
| Shark skin microgrooves (86) |