Table 1. Proposed mechanisms of statin effects.

Inflammation in thrombosis

IL-6 (19)

IL-8 (19)

P-selectin (18)

MCP-1 (18)

TNF-alpha (21)

CRP (19)

D-dimer

Statins and biomarkers

IL-6 (31)

IL-8 (31)

P-selectin (38)

MCP-1 (31)

CRP (32)

eNOS

Thrombomodulin (55)

Apolipoprotein A1

D-dimer

PAI-1 (37)

TF (42)

MPO (42)

Statin antiplatelet effects

Redox signaling interference (44)

NADPH oxidase downregulation (45)

Thromboxane A2 Inhibition (45)

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (40)

Decreased macrophage infiltration (42)

Vein wall scarring (42)

Inhibition of mevalonate pathway (48)

Statins and microvesicles

TF inhibition (18)

Procoagulant microparticle inhibition (48)

Factor V inhibition (48)

Statins and clot structure

Alterations of fibrin clot structure (41)

Increased clot permeability (52)

Increased susceptibility to lysis (52)

Other

Nets (42)

Valve pocket sinus (18)

IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-8, interleukin 8; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1; TNF-alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha; CRP, C-reactive protein; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; TF, tissue factor; MPO, myeloperoxidase; Nets, neutrophil extracellular traps; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase.