Table 2.
No. | Author, year country language | Instrument | Type | Study aim | Sample size, study population, setting | Scope of measured components | Items, response format | Time of administration | Reliability | Validity, responsiveness and sensitivity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Davis et al., 2006 [50] USA English |
Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine - Teen (REALM-teen) Adaptation of an existing instrument for adults (REALM) |
Objective measurement/performance based assessment | Validation of the REALM-teen for adolescents |
N = 1533 10–19 y. participants were 50% black, 53% female; 34% were enrolled in middle school and 66% in high school Secondary school Mixed setting, schools and healthcare setting |
Word recognition; Pronunciation | 66 items (not provided) Health words arranged in increasing order of difficulty Pronouncing words |
Usually 2–3 min, here approx. 3 min | Internal consistency α = .94 |
Convergent: SORT-R r = .93 WRAT r = .83 Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis: SORT-R Area under ROC (AUC) = .84 |
2 | Brown et al., 2007 [40] USA English |
KidsHealth KidsPoll of Health Literacy New instrument based on National Health Education Standards (NHES) |
Subjective measurement/self-report | Investigating health literacy and its effects on health behaviour and practice |
N = 1178 9–13 y. 5th – 8th grade Secondary school 11 health education centres |
Ability to understand, access and apply health information; Interest in health; Belief: Ability that health behaviour is affective; Attitude |
8 items (provided) Remote keypads Close-end questions with a maximum of 5 answer choices |
Not available (n.a.) | n.a. | n.a. |
3 | Hubbard and Rainey 2007 [41] USA English |
“Health Literacy Instrument” no name. New instrument based on Health Education Assessment Project (HEAP) |
Objective measurement/performance based assessment (not explicitly stated by the article but indicated in the text) | To evaluate the influence of comprehensive textbook-based instruction on students’ acquisition of health-related concepts and skills |
N = 669 secondary school children and adolescents n = 333 female; n = 333 male; n = 3 missing (Treatment group: n = 330; control group: n = 339) School setting, N = 3 schools (n = 2 middle; n = 1 high school) |
Understanding of health concepts about tobacco, physical activity, and nutrition; Ability to access information, interpersonal communication, decision-making, goal setting, and self-management | 30 items (not provided) 15 items related to health concepts 15 items related to demonstrate skills |
n.a. | Reliability coefficient of the concepts scale α = .76 middle school; α = .72 high school; of the skills scale α = .75 middle school; α = .76 high school HEAP assessment items proved to be reliable |
Not provided, HEAP assessment items proved to be valid |
4 | Chisolm and Buchanan, 2007 [51] USA English |
Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA) in adolescent population (TOFHLAd), 2 components TOFHLA-R & TOFHLA-N Adaptation of an existing instrument for adults |
Objective measurement/performance based assessment | Pilot validation for adolescents |
N = 50 13–17 y. n = 26 female; n = 24 male Healthcare setting |
Reading comprehension (TOFHLA-R); Numeracy (TOFHLA-N) | 67 items (not provided), 2 components; TOFHLA-R has 50 reading comprehension items, cloze procedure; TOFHLA-N has 17 numeracy items | 10–20 min: average of 12.9 min with a range from 8.9 to 17.3 | n.a. | Concurrent: TOFHLA-R: WRAT3 r = .59 (p < .001) REALM r = .60 (p < .001) TOFHLA-N: WRAT3 r = .11 (p = .45) REALM r = .18 (p = .22) |
5 | Steckelberg et al., 2009 [48] Germany German |
Critical Health Competence Test (CHC) New instrument |
Objective measurement/performance based assessment | Development and validation of a questionnaire to measure critical health competencies |
N = 429 15–42 y. n = 322 (first field test); n = 255 10th and 11th from secondary schools, n = 67 university students n = 107 (second field test); n = 94 secondary schools, n = 13 university students |
A. Understanding medical concepts; B. Skills of searching literature (information seeking); C. Basic statistics (numeracy); D. Design of experiments and sampling |
72 items (not provided); Scenarios (S) (items): S1 (16), S2 (20), S3 (15), S4 (21). A, 15 items B, 22 items C, 18 items D, 17 items |
Should not exceed 90 min | Rasch analysis: Mean person parameter S1: 395 S2: 497 S3: 635 S4: 473 |
Construct validity: Cohen’s d = 4.33 [95% CI 3.51–5.16] Rasch model WINMIRA ANOVA = .91 |
6 | Vardavas et al., 2009 [42] Greece Greek |
Health Literacy Questionnaire for Children New instrument |
Subjective measurement/self-report | To locate the topics and to assess the sources of health information of adolescents |
N = 369, 12–18 y. 46.6% male; 53,4% female; 97, 3% Greek nationality Secondary school children from urban areas of Athens and Crete |
Questions on health education topics; Access and source of health information (seeking); Stated satisfaction | n.a. no information on specific items is available | n.a. | n.a | n.a. |
7 | Schmidt et al., 2010 [43] Germany German |
GeKoKids Questionnaire New instrument |
Mixed approach | To elaborate a set of short scales to measure important health literacy domains in children; and To analyse their associations among each other |
N = 852; aged 9–13 y., Germany n = 401 female n = 451 male n = 29 migration background Secondary school |
Knowledge; Attitudes; Communication; Behaviour; Self-efficacy |
17 items (provided) Knowledge: 3 items Communication: 3 items Attitude: 4 items Behaviour: 4 items Self-efficacy: 3 items |
n.a. | Internal consistencies communication α = .73 attitude α = .57 Rasch analysis: Knowledge χ2 = 6.45, P = 0.17 Behaviour χ2 = 15.48, P = 0.12 |
n.a. |
8 | Wu et al., 2010 [44] Canada English |
Health literacy instrument for high school students New instrument |
Objective measurement/performance based assessment | Development and validation of a health literacy measurement tool for high school students in classrooms |
N = 275 secondary school children 8th n = 2 9th n = 34 10th n = 202 11th n = 16 12th n = 17 48% male 52% female 69,1% other language than English at home 30,09% language English at home |
Understand; Evaluate |
47 items (not provided) open-ended following health related reading passages Understand: 30 items Evaluate: 17 items |
n.a. | Internal consistency: α = .92 |
Convergent: Age, r = .17 Male gender, r = .18 Age came to Canada, r = .22 Non-English speaker, r = .15 Mother’s edu, r = .19 Father’s edu, r = .22 GPA, r = .48 Time reading/ study, r = .40 ‘fair’ |
9 | Yu et al., 2012 [45] China Chinese |
Health Literacy Questionnaire New instrument |
Subjective measurement/self-report | To assess the students’ health literacy gained through school health education |
N = 8008 Elementary School (n = 77) Pupils n = 4011 Middle School (n = 76) Pupils n = 3997 |
Knowledge; Attitude; Practice (health behaviour and lifestyle) |
37 items (not provided) close-ended and open-ended |
n.a. | Internal consistency: α = .0.73 Spearman-Brown coefficient 0.75 |
n.a. |
10 | Chinn et al., 2013 [49] England English |
All Aspects of Health Literacy Scale (AAHLS) New instrument |
Subjective measurement/self-report | To develop a health literacy instrument to use in primary care settings |
N = 146 Range: 15–82 y. n = 114 female; n = 32 male Ethnicity Asian: 81 Black: 5 Mixed race: 2 White: 51 Other: 7 Healthcare setting |
Functional HL; Communicative HL; Critical HL |
14 items (provided) Functional: 4 items Communicative: 3 items Critical: 7 items |
Approx. 7 mins. | Internal consistency: α = .75 Functional HL α = .82 Communicative HL α = .69 Critical HL α = .42 |
Convergent: Functional vs Communicative, r = .39 Functional vs Critical, r = .59 Communicative vs Critical, r = .19 |
11 | Wallmann et al., 2012 [46] Germany German |
Health Quiz New instrument |
Objective measurement / performance based assessment | To measure and assess health knowledge as part of health literacy |
N = 699 7th grade adolescents in Germany N = 375 male; n = 324 female 4 school types: Gymnasium; secondary school (n = 195), Realschule; secondary modern/intermediate school (n = 231), Gesamtschule; comprehensive school (n = 81), general school; Hauptschule (n = 192). School setting |
Knowledge | 49 items (partly provided) Nutrition: 7 items; Prevention: 6 items; Spare time activity (health promotion): 4 items; Human body: 32 items (12 Items health behaviour / 20 items human anatomy) Response: 4 response categories, only one right choice |
20 min | n.a. | n.a. |
12 | Massey et al., 2013 [47] USA English |
Multidimensional health literacy instrument New instrument |
Subjective measurement / self-report | To develop a multidimensional health literacy instrument for adolescents concerning the health environment This study was part of a larger study that examined the effectiveness of a health literacy intervention |
N = 1208 13–17 y. Mean age 14.8 y. Over 60% females Hispanic/Latino 33.7% White 22.1% Black 13.2% Asian 7.9% Other 1.9% Multi-Ethnic 20.4% Healthcare setting |
(1) Patient-provider encounter; (2) Interacting with the healthcare system; (3) Rights and responsibilities; (4) Health information seeking; (5) Confidence in health information from personal source; (6) Confidence in health information from media source |
24 items (provided) (1) 4 items (2) 5 items (3) 7 items (4) 3 items (5) 3 items (6) 3 items 5 point Likert scale paper and pencil or online |
n.a. | Internal consistency: α = .834 Corresponding factors (related to six dimension) 1: α = .815 2: α = .803 3: α = .827 4: α = .638 5: α = .834 6: α = .709 |
n.a. |
13 | Röthlin et al., 2013 [53] Austria German |
HLS-EU-Q47 and -Q16 Existing tool |
Subjective measurement / self-report | To apply and validate the HLS-EU instrument in the Austrian youth population |
N = 571 15 y. Female 52.7% Male 46.8% No answer 0.5% Parents born in Austria 84.1% One parent born in Austria 7% Not born in Austria 9% No setting information |
Access; Understand; Appraise; Apply |
47 items provided including short scale of 16 items Dichotomous response format (easy and difficult) Access: 4 items Understand: 6 items Appraise 3 items Apply: 3 items |
n.a. | Internal consistency α = .90 Healthcare: α = .69 Disease prevention: α = .81 Health promotion: α = .81 |
Convergent: HLS-EU-Q4 and: NVS r = .09 HLS-EU-Q16 and NVS r = .14 Concurrent: HLS-EU-Q16 r = .82 |
14 | Driessnack et al., 2014 [52] USA English |
Newest Vital Sign Existing instrument |
Objective measurement / performance based assessment | To explore the feasibility, utility, and validity of using the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) tool to assess health literacy in children | N = 94; N = 47 parent-child-dyads n = 47 children 7-8y, n = 18 (38%) 9-10y, n = 18 (38%) 11-12y, n = 11 (23%) Science center |
Reading comprehension; Numeracy |
6 items (provided) (all reading and numeracy) | Up to 3 min | Internal consistency Children α = .71 Parents α = .79 |
n.a. |
15 | Naigaga et al., 2015 [54] Uganda English and oga |
Maternal Health Literacy Scale (MaHeLi scale) Short form of existing instrument |
Subjective measurement/self-report | To use a short form of the validated MaHeLi scale in Uganda |
N = 384 adolescent pregnant girls 15–19 y. 49% 15 y. 51% 16–19 y. 62% at least level 5 education 38% = < level 5 education Healthcare setting |
Appraisal of health information (AHI); Competence and coping (CCS) |
12 items (provided); Short version of MaHeLi scale |
n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |