Table 1.
Maternal Characteristics at Time of Subclinical CVD Assessment by Reported History of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (n=1220)
| Variable | No Adverse Outcome (n=965) | PTB (n=114) | Term SGA (n=59) | Stillbirth (n=22) | >1 Adverse Outcome (n=60) | P Valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographics | ||||||
| Age, mean±SD | 60.3±2.7 | 60.0±2.8 | 60.1±2.4 | 59.7±2.7 | 59.8±3.1 | 0.04 |
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) | ||||||
| White | 464 (48.2) | 57 (50.0) | 17 (28.8) | 11 (50.0) | 12 (20.0) | <0.001b |
| Black | 299 (31.1) | 33 (29.0) | 29 (49.2) | 8 (36.4) | 38 (63.3)d | |
| Hispanic | 56 (5.8) | 12 (10.5)c | 5 (8.5) | 2 (9.1) | 8 (13.3)d | |
| Chinese | 143 (14.9) | 12 (10.5) | 8 (13.6) | 1 (4.6) | 2 (3.3) | |
| Education | ||||||
| <High school | 75 (7.8) | 11 (9.7) | 6 (10.2) | 1 (4.6) | 8 (13.3) | 0.09 |
| Some college | 475 (49.2) | 59 (51.8) | 34 (57.6) | 11 (50.0) | 37 (61.7) | |
| College degree/post college | 415 (43.0) | 44 (38.6) | 19 (32.2) | 10 (45.5) | 15 (25.0) | |
| Financial strain (how hard to pay for basics), No. (%) | ||||||
| Not hard at all | 619 (64.6) | 69 (60.5) | 32 (54.2) | 15 (68.2) | 26 (43.3) | 0.002 |
| Somewhat/hard | 339 (35.4) | 45 (39.5) | 27 (45.8) | 7 (31.8) | 34 (56.7)c | |
| Reproductive/pregnancy history | ||||||
| Postmenopausal | 915 (95.2) | 105 (92.9) | 55 (93.2) | 19 (86.4) | 52 (86.7)c | 0.04b |
| Age at first birth, mean±SD, y | 25.5±6.1 | 24.4±6.3 | 22.7±5.4e | 24.1±5.6 | 21.9±5.3e | <0.001 |
| Age at last birth, mean±SD, y | 30.7±5.9 | 30.7±6.3 | 28.3±5.5e | 32.5±4.9 | 28.9±5.5e | 0.02 |
| Parity, No. (%) | ||||||
| 1 or 2 | 612 (63.4) | 55 (48.3) | 34 (57.6) | 5 (22.7) | 24 (40.0) | <0.001b |
| 3 or 4 | 314 (32.5) | 48 (42.1) | 21 (35.6) | 14 (63.6) | 29 (48.3) | |
| >4 | 39 (4.0) | 11 (9.7) | 4 (6.8) | 3 (13.6) | 7 (11.7) | |
| Hypertension or diabetes mellitus at pregnancy, No. (%) | 119 (12.3) | 29 (25.7)e | 12 (20.3) | 2 (10.0) | 10 (16.7) | 0.001b |
| Gestational hypertension/preeclampsia | 85 (8.8) | 21 (18.6)e | 8 (13.6) | 0 (0) | 9 (15.0) | 0.02b |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus | 43 (4.5) | 9 (8.0) | 8 (13.6)c | 2 (10.0) | 2 (3.3) | 0.02b |
CVD indicates cardiovascular disease. Preterm birth (PTB)=delivery <37 weeks; term small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA)=birth weight <10th percentile at 37 to 40 weeks’ gestation; stillbirth=pregnancy loss at ≥20 weeks’ gestation; >1 adverse pregnancy=any combination of the aforementioned outcomes, including a PTB (n=44), SGA (n=56), or stillbirth (n=9). Not all participants provided complete data. The actual number of observations per variable is noted when different from 1220.
P value for overall group differences.
Fisher's Exact Test performed excluding the “Stillbirth” group, given its small sample size.
Post hoc analysis using Dunnett test differs from the no adverse pregnancy group (P<0.05).
Post hoc analysis using Dunnett test differs from the no adverse pregnancy group (P<0.01).
Post hoc analysis using Dunnett test differs from the no adverse pregnancy group (P<0.001).