Table 4.
Hazard Ratios and 95% Confidence Limits by Individual Factors for CHD and PAD, Adjusted First for Age and Then Additionally for ASSIGN Factors (Which are Excluded), for the Sexes Separately
| Adjusted for Age | Coronary Heart Disease | Peripheral Arterial Disease | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men 1847 | Women 1251 | Men 291 | Women 208 | |||
| Personal | ||||||
| Age† | 1.57 (1.50; 1.65)* | 1.84 (1.73; 1.95)* | 1.75 (1.54; 1.99)* | 1.96 (1.69; 2.28)* | ||
| Years of education | R | 1.16 (1.11; 1.22)* | 1.32 (1.23; 1.43)* | R | 1.27 (1.11; 1.45)* | 1.35 (1.12; 1.61)* |
| Family history CHD† | 1.45 (1.31; 1.60)* | 1.69 (1.51; 1.89)* | 1.57 (1.23; 2.01)* | 1.48 (1.12; 1.95)* | ||
| SIMD score (SES)† | 1.18 (1.12; 1.23)* | 1.30 (1.23; 1.37)* | 1.48 (1.33; 1.65)* | 1.56 (1.38; 1.77)* | ||
| ASSIGN CV risk score† | 1.44 (1.39; 1.50)* | 1.50 (1.44; 1.56)* | 1.76 (1.62; 1.92)* | 1.79 (1.66; 1.93)* | ||
| Smoking | ||||||
| Current smoker Y/N | 1.60 (1.46; 1.76)* | 1.86 (1.66; 2.07)* | 3.96 (3.01; 5.21)* | 7.08 (5.07; 9.88)* | ||
| Cigs/day equivalent† | 1.29 (1.24; 1.34)* | 1.40 (1.33; 1.48)* | 1.68 (1.54; 1.82)* | 2.01 (1.85; 2.19)* | ||
| Expired CO | 1.26 (1.22; 1.31)* | 1.28 (1.21; 1.34)* | 1.61 (1.49; 1.73)* | 1.88 (1.73; 2.04)* | ||
| Thiocyanate | 1.28 (1.22; 1.34)* | 1.30 (1.22; 1.37)* | 2.05 (1.81; 2.33)* | 2.44 (2.09; 2.85)* | ||
| Cotinine | 1.33 (1.27; 1.38)* | 1.37 (1.30; 1.44)* | 1.76 (1.59; 1.95)* | 2.09 (1.87; 2.34)* | ||
| Physical | ||||||
| Height | R | 1.15 (1.08; 1.22)* | 1.28 (1.19; 1.41)* | R | 1.18 (1.01; 1.37)* | 1.20 (0.98; 1.49) |
| Weight | 1.14 (1.08; 1.20)* | 1.21 (1.14; 1.28)* | 0.93 (0.81; 1.07) | 1.15 (0.99; 1.33) | ||
| Body mass index | 1.24 (1.17; 1.30)* | 1.24 (1.18; 1.29)* | 0.99 (0.86; 1.14) | 1.17 (1.04; 1.31)* | ||
| Waist circumference. | 1.27 (1.19; 1.36)* | 1.36 (1.27; 1.45)* | 1.09 (0.93; 1.29) | 1.37 (1.16; 1.61)* | ||
| Waist‐to‐hip ratio | 1.16 (1.09; 1.22)* | 1.27 (1.18; 1.37)* | 1.14 (0.98; 1.33) | 1.42 (1.17; 1.71)* | ||
| Systolic BP† | 1.23 (1.18; 1.29)* | 1.26 (1.19; 1.32)* | 1.47 (1.33; 1.63)* | 1.44 (1.28; 1.61)* | ||
| Diastolic BP | 1.19 (1.14; 1.25)* | 1.19 (1.13; 1.26)* | 1.18 (1.06; 1.32)* | 1.12 (0.97; 1.29) | ||
| Pulse pressure | 1.05 (1.02; 1.08)* | 1.05 (1.02; 1.08)* | 1.09 (1.05; 1.14)* | 1.08 (1.03; 1.12)* | ||
| Pulse rate | 1.09 (1.05; 1.13)* | 1.09 (1.05; 1.13)* | 1.23 (1.14; 1.34)* | 1.23 (1.14; 1.34)* | ||
| Diabetes | ||||||
| Diabetes mellitus† | 2.26 (1.72; 2.96)* | 3.24 (2.42; 4.32)* | 6.31 (4.08; 9.76)* | 7.39 (4.55; 12.00)* | ||
| Glucose (non‐fasting) | 1.09 (1.04; 1.13)* | 1.15 (1.09; 1.21)* | 1.24 (1.17; 1.32)* | 1.23 (1.13; 1.34)* | ||
| Insulin (non‐fasting) | 1.07 (1.03; 1.10)* | 1.15 (1.11; 1.19)* | 1.06 (0.96; 1.16) | 1.20 (1.12; 1.29)* | ||
| C‐peptide | 1.05 (0.98; 1.13)* | 1.01 (0.91; 1.12) | 1.00 (0.86; 1.17) | 0.98 (0.81; 1.18) | ||
| Lipids | ||||||
| Total cholesterol† | 1.30 (1.24; 1.36)* | 1.23 (1.16; 1.29)* | 1.13 (0.99; 1.28) | 1.23 (1.07; 1.41)* | ||
| HDL cholesterol† | R | 1.15 (1.09; 1.20)* | 1.20 (1.14; 1.27)* | R | 1.02 (0.91; 1.15) | 1.37 (1.15; 1.64)* |
| Non‐HDL cholesterol | 1.36 (1.30; 1.43)* | 1.31 (1.24; 1.38)* | 1.14 (1.00; 1.28)* | 1.37 (1.20; 1.56)* | ||
| LDL cholesterol | 1.13 (1.08; 1.18)* | 1.15 (1.09; 1.22)* | 1.10 (0.98; 1.24) | 1.11 (0.98; 1.26) | ||
| Triglycerides | 1.30 (1.23; 1.36)* | 1.45 (1.36; 1.55)* | 1.26 (1.12; 1.42)* | 1.85 (1.58; 2.18)* | ||
| Apolipoprotein A | R | 1.18 (1.12; 1.25)* | 1.27 (1.19; 1.35)* | R | 1.20 (1.04; 1.39)* | 1.28 (1.05; 1.54)* |
| Apolipoprotein B | 1.38 (1.31; 1.46)* | 1.29 (1.24; 1.35)* | 1.28 (1.15; 1.44)* | 1.35 (1.23; 1.50)* | ||
| Lipoprotein (a) | 1.01 (0.97; 1.06) | 1.10 (0.98; 1.24) | 1.12 (0.94; 1.34) | 1.59 (0.97; 2.61) | ||
| Inflammatory | ||||||
| hsC‐reactive protein | 1.32 (1.24; 1.40)* | 1.47 (1.37; 1.58)* | 1.73 (1.53; 1.95)* | 1.95 (1.70; 2.24)* | ||
| Fibrinogen | 1.17 (1.12; 1.22)* | 1.20 (1.13; 1.27)* | 1.32 (1.23; 1.42)* | 1.29 (1.15; 1.44)* | ||
| Homocysteine | 1.16 (1.11; 1.21)* | 1.14 (1.06; 1.22)* | 1.20 (1.09; 1.32)* | 1.22 (1.08; 1.39)* | ||
| Ferritin | 1.04 (0.98; 1.11) | 1.12 (1.01; 1.23)* | 1.21 (0.97; 1.50) | 1.26 (0.83; 1.91) | ||
| Cardiac | ||||||
| hsTroponin I | 1.68 (1.39; 1.98)* | 1.57 (1.41; 1.73)* | 2.13 (1.12; 3.14)* | 1.64 (1.04; 2.24)* | ||
| NT‐pro‐BNP | 1.23 (1.17; 1.30)* | 1.27 (1.17; 1.38)* | 1.44 (1.27; 1.63)* | 1.32 (1.07; 1.64)* | ||
| Diet related | ||||||
| 25OH‐vitamin D raw | R | 1.19 (1.10; 1.28)* | 1.16 (1.09; 1.25)* | R | 1.67 (1.43; 1.96)* | 1.52 (1.14; 2.00)* |
| 25OH‐vitamin D adj | R | 1.16 (1.09; 1.25)* | 1.20 (1.11; 1.30)* | R | 1.61 (1.37; 1.89)* | 1.59 (1.16; 2.17)* |
| Vitamin B12 | 1.03 (0.97; 1.09) | 1.00 (0.94; 1.06) | 1.07 (0.95; 1.21) | 1.03 (0.90; 1.18) | ||
| Gamma glutamyl TF | 1.17 (1.11; 1.23)* | 1.27 (1.19; 1.35)* | 1.32 (1.18; 1.48)* | 1.54 (1.36; 1.76)* | ||
| Renal related | ||||||
| Uric Acid | 1.02 (0.97; 1.09) | 1.19 (1.11; 1.27)* | 0.91 (0.78; 1.06) | 1.21 (1.03; 1.42)* | ||
| Creatinine | 0.99 (0.93; 1.06) | 1.05 (0.97; 1.12) | 0.99 (0.85; 1.15) | 1.02 (0.82; 1.26) | ||
| Cystatin ‐C | 1.20 (1.14; 1.26)* | 1.14 (1.12; 1.17)* | 1.26 (1.15; 1.40)* | 1.17 (1.12; 1.23)* | ||
| Adjusted Additionally for ASSIGN Variables (Which are Omitted) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coronary Heart Disease | Peripheral Artery Disease | |||||
| Men 1847 | Women 1251 | Men 291 | Women 208 | |||
| Personal | ||||||
| Years of education | R | 1.10 (1.04; 1.16)* | 1.15 (1.08; 1.23)* | R | 1.11 (0.96; 1.28) | 1.04 (0.87; 1.25) |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Expired CO | 1.09 (1.03; 1.14)* | 1.08 (1.01; 1.15)* | 1.33 (1.20; 1.47)* | 1.56 (1.40; 1.73)* | ||
| Thiocyanate | 1.05 (0.99; 1.12) | 1.07 (1.00; 1.15)* | 1.63 (1.38; 1.92)* | 1.94 (1.62; 2.32)* | ||
| Cotinine | 1.18 (1.11; 1.27)* | 1.19 (1.12; 1.28)* | 1.42 (1.22; 1.66)* | 1.72 (1.48; 1.99)* | ||
| Physical | ||||||
| Height | R | 1.08 (1.01; 1.14)* | 1.16 (1.08; 1.27)* | R | 1.03 (0.89; 1.22) | 1.00 (0.81; 1.23) |
| Weight | 1.09 (1.04; 1.15)* | 1.12 (1.05; 1.19)* | 0.91 (0.80; 1.04) | 1.03 (0.89; 1.19) | ||
| Body mass index | 1.14 (1.09; 1.21)* | 1.14 (1.09; 1.20)* | 0.90 (0.79; 1.04) | 1.02 (0.91; 1.15) | ||
| Waist circumference | 1.17 (1.08; 1.26)* | 1.20 (1.11; 1.30)* | 0.97 (0.82; 1.15) | 1.11 (0.93; 1.33) | ||
| Waist‐to‐hip ratio | 1.07 (0.99; 1.16) | 1.12 (1.02; 1.23)* | 1.03 (0.87; 1.23) | 1.17 (0.91; 1.51) | ||
| Diastolic BP | 1.06 (1.00; 1.12)* | 1.03 (0.97; 1.10) | 0.91 (0.81; 1.03) | 0.88 (0.78; 1.00)* | ||
| Pulse pressure | R | 1.11 (1.00; 1.23)* | 1.09 (0.99; 1.20) | R | 0.99 (0.91; 1.09) | 1.03 (0.94; 1.12) |
| Pulse rate | 1.00 (0.96; 1.03) | 1.00 (0.96; 1.03) | 1.06 (0.97; 1.15) | 1.06 (0.97; 1.15) | ||
| Diabetes | ||||||
| Glucose (non‐fasting) | 1.03 (0.99; 1.07) | 1.08 (1.03; 1.13)* | 1.19 (1.10; 1.28)* | 1.14 (1.04; 1.24)* | ||
| Insulin (non‐fasting) | 1.05 (1.01; 1.08)* | 1.09 (1.04; 1.14)* | 1.04 (0.93; 1.16) | 1.09 (0.98; 1.20) | ||
| C‐peptide | 1.03 (0.98; 1.10) | 1.01 (0.94; 1.08) | 1.05 (0.93; 1.20) | 1.01 (0.90; 1.13) | ||
| Lipids | ||||||
| LDL cholesterol | R | 1.00 (0.94; 1.05) | 1.02 (0.95; 1.09) | R | 1.00 (0.88; 1.15) | 1.04 (0.90; 1.20) |
| Triglycerides | 1.12 (1.06; 1.18)* | 1.15 (1.07; 1.24)* | 1.08 (0.95; 1.22) | 1.41 (1.19; 1.67)* | ||
| Apolipoprotein A | R | 1.11 (1.04; 1.18)* | 1.18 (1.08; 1.27)* | R | 1.11 (0.93; 1.32) | 1.12 (0.92; 1.37) |
| Apolipoprotein B | 1.21 (1.11; 1.31)* | 1.10 (1.02; 1.18)* | 1.14 (0.96; 1.36) | 1.15 (0.98; 1.36) | ||
| Lipoprotein (a) | 1.01 (0.97; 1.05) | 1.02 (0.93; 1.12) | 1.13 (0.95; 1.33) | 1.47 (0.89; 2.41) | ||
| Inflammatory | ||||||
| hsC‐reactive protein | 1.17 (1.08; 1.26)* | 1.28 (1.19; 1.38)* | 1.41 (1.23; 1.62)* | 1.57 (1.35; 1.82)* | ||
| Fibrinogen | 1.09 (1.04; 1.14)* | 1.09 (1.02; 1.16)* | 1.21 (1.10; 1.34)* | 1.12 (0.99; 1.27) | ||
| Homocysteine | 1.10 (1.05; 1.14)* | 1.05 (0.98; 1.13) | 1.06 (0.96; 1.17) | 1.08 (0.94; 1.25) | ||
| Ferritin | 1.01 (0.95; 1.07) | 1.03 (0.95; 1.12) | 1.08 (0.90; 1.31) | 1.07 (0.80; 1.43) | ||
| Cardiac | ||||||
| hsTroponin I | 1.33 (1.14; 1.41)* | 1.28 (1.16; 1.40)* | 1.51 (0.79; 2.23) | 1.24 (0.85; 1.63) | ||
| NT‐pro‐BNP | 1.21 (1.15; 1.27)* | 1.23 (1.13; 1.34)* | 1.27 (1.13; 1.44)* | 1.20 (0.97; 1.49) | ||
| Diet related | ||||||
| 25OH‐vitamin D raw | R | 1.05 (0.99; 1.12) | 1.04 (0.96; 1.11) | R | 1.35 (1.12; 1.61)* | 1.16 (0.89; 1.54) |
| 25OH‐vitamin D adj. | R | 1.06 (1.00; 1.14)* | 1.02 (0.94; 1.09) | R | 1.28 (1.09; 1.52)* | 1.20 (0.89; 1.61) |
| Vitamin B12 | R | 1.00 (0.93; 1.05)* | 1.03 (0.97; 1.10) | R | 0.97 (0.85; 1.10) | 0.99 (0.86; 1.14) |
| Gamma glutamyl TF | 1.05 (1.00; 1.11)* | 1.11 (1.03; 1.20)* | 1.13 (1.00; 1.28)* | 1.30 (1.13; 1.49)* | ||
| Renal related | ||||||
| Uric Acid | 1.02 (0.96; 1.08) | 1.08 (1.01; 1.16)* | 0.96 (0.82; 1.13) | 1.14 (0.96; 1.34) | ||
| Creatinine | 1.03 (0.97; 1.10) | 1.03 (0.96; 1.10) | 1.09 (0.97; 1.22) | 1.06 (0.87; 1.30) | ||
| Cystatin‐C | 1.14 (1.09; 1.20)* | 1.12 (1.07; 1.16)* | 1.18 (1.07; 1.30)* | 1.18 (1.10; 1.27)* | ||
These are sex‐specific results equivalent to the sexes combined results in Table 3. Missing values are imputed using multiple imputation by chained equation (m=5, i=10). Hazard ratios are per standard deviation for continuous variables, some are log transformed (see Table 1). R‐Hazard ratios <1.0 are converted to their reciprocal to facilitate comparison (using CHD both sexes as the criterion from Table 3).
*Hazard ratios significant at 5%. †ASSIGN risk score factors.