Figure 7.

Macroautophagy is impaired, and selective autophagy is overactive, in the hearts of diabetic mice. A, Cardiac homogenates from control and diabetic (4 months after streptozotocin treatment) mice were analyzed by Western blot analysis for phosphorylated S6 kinase (p‐S6K) Thr389 (a substrate of mammalian target of rapamycin complex [mTORC] 1) and phosphorylated protein kinase B (p‐Akt) Ser473 (a substrate of mTORC2). B, LC3‐II and p62, markers of macroautophagy (left), and GAPDH and hexokinase II (HexII), known targets of chaperone‐mediated autophagy) (right), were analyzed by Western blot analysis. Densitometry from Western blots of cardiac homogenates was standardized to actin. Representative blots are shown below quantification. Data are presented as mean±SEM. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001 by unpaired Student t test (n=5 for all groups).