Table 2.
Reasons for retraction stratified by sex of senior or corresponding author or authors (n = 1,339)a
| Reason for retraction | Female (n = 184) | Male (n = 889) | Both (n = 16) | Unknown (n = 250) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Misconduct (n = 685) | 77 (11.2) | 510 (74.5) | 5 (0.7) | 93 (13.6) |
| Error (n = 193) | 37 (19.2) | 126 (65.3) | 1 (0.5) | 29 (15.0) |
| Duplicate publication (n = 169) | 24 (14.2) | 101 (59.8) | 3 (1.8) | 41 (24.2) |
| Irreproducible results (n = 13) | 3 (23.0) | 10 (77.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Author disagreement (n = 18) | 7 (38.9) | 10 (55.6) | 0 (0) | 1 (5.5) |
| Unknown (n = 261) | 36 (13.8) | 132 (50.6) | 7 (2.6) | 86 (33.0) |
Note:
a
Results are expressed as counts (percentages) by each reason of retraction.