Table 1. . Summary of viruses that have been developed as oncolytic vectors with a brief overview of some strategies implemented for tumor-specific targeting, increasing efficacy and immune evasion.

Genome	Family	Virus	Natural host	Targeting properties	Arming/immune evasion	Example malignancies targeted	Ref.
RNA	Coronaviridae	Mouse Hepatitis Feline Infectious Peritonitis	Mice Felines	Bispecific adapter	None	Glioma, EGFR(+) cancers, etc.	[14,15]
	Orthomyxoviridae	Influenza A	Birds, swine, humans, etc.	Deletion of NS1, IFN defects, α-2,3-linked glycan receptor	IL-15/multiple HA, NA configurations	Melanoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, etc.	[16,17]
	Paramyxoviridae	Measles Mumps New Castle disease	Humans Humans Birds	scFy, DARPins ligands, protease-dependent activation, miRNA targetsCD46/SLAM/Nectin-4/sialic acid expression, IFN defects, apoptosis defects	NIS, GM-CSF, IL-2. TNFα, NAP, PNP, anti-PDL1, anti-CTLA4, IFNβ/pseudotyping, glycan shield, coating	Multiple myeloma, lymphoma, acute myeloid leukemia, ovarian, breast, glioblastoma, prostate, mesothelioma, etc.	[11,18–24]
	Picornaviridae	Coxsackie A21 Mengo Polio Seneca Valley	Humans Rodents Humans Swine, cattle	miRNA targets, IRES translational control ICAM1 and CD155 expression	None/serotype switching, capsid psuedotyping	Multiple myeloma, melanoma, glioma, neuroendocrine tumors, etc.	[25–27]
	Reoviridae	Reovirus	Humans	Constitutive Ras signaling	None/multiple serotypes	Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, glioma, prostate, multiple myeloma, melanoma, etc.	[28]
	Retroviridae	Moloney Murine Leukemia	Mice	S-phase dependent Integration, Tissue-specific promoter, Antibody targeted	Cytosine deaminase/Nonlytic	Glioma, prostate, breast cancer, etc.	[29–32]
	Rhabdoviridae	Vesicular stomatitis	Horse, cattle, swine, rodents, arthropods	M protein mutants, miRNA targets, tumor targeting ligands IFN defects	IFNβ, IFNγ Tumor-associated antigen, NIS, TK, cytosine deaminase, IL-4, IL-12, IL-23/anti-Fab aptamers, pseudotyping, PEGylation	Acute myeloid leukemia, multiple myeloma, melanoma, various solid tumors, etc.	[8,33–38]
	Togavirdae	Semliki forest Sindbis	Rodents, Arthropod Birds, Arthropod	miRNA targets, laminin expression, IFN defects	IL-12, tumor-associated antigen	Cervical, colon, glioma, osteosarcoma, neuroblastoma, etc.	[39–42]
DNA	Adenoviridae	Adenovirus C	Humans	Deletion of E1b-55kDa or E1a, tumor-specific promotor, tumor targeting ligands, scFy	HSP, TK, NIS, IL-4, IL12-, IL-18, GM-CSF/serotype switching, polymer shielding	Head and neck, pancreatic, prostate, lung, osteosarcoma, ovarian, bladder, etc.	[43–47]
	Herpesviridae	Herpes simplex 1 Bovine herpes	Human Cattle	Deletion of ICP6, γ34.5 and UL39 glycoprotein modification, nestin promotor, miRNA targets, scFy	GM-CSF, ICP47 deletion, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, TK, rat CYP450	Glioma, melanoma, breast, ovarian, prostate, colon pediatric solid tumors, etc.	[48–54]
	Parvoviridae	H1	Rodents	Viral P4 promotor, S-phase dependent	IL-2	Glioma, neuroectodermal, lymphoma, pancreatic, gastric, colon, etc.	[55,56]
	Poxviridae	Myxoma vaccinia	Rabbit Human	TK deletion, spi-1 and spi-2 deletion, scFy	GM-CSF, NIS, cytosine deaminase, BMP-4	Acute myeloid leukemia, multiple myeloma, glioma, Hepatocellular carcinoma, melanoma, lung, pediatric solid tumors, etc.	[57]

AML: Acute myeloid leukemia; IRES: Internal ribosome entry site.