Table 3.
Clinical signs and symptoms associated with laboratory‐confirmed influenza in hospitalized inpatients <5 years of age, Ballabgarh, India, July 2009—August 2011(n = 257)
| No. (%) of patients | Crude odds ratio OR (95%CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Influenza virus + (n = 18) n (%) | Influenza virus − (n = 239) n (%) | ||
| Symptoms | |||
| Fever (reported) | 17 (94) | 207 (79) | 4·6 (0·4, 196·4) |
| Cough | 15 (83) | 143 (60) | 3·4 (0·9, 18·5) |
| Sore throat* | 0/6 | 3/55 (6) | – |
| Nasal discharge | 8 (44) | 65 (27) | 2·1 (0.7, 6·3) |
| Ear pain/discharge | 0 (0) | 12 (5) | 0 |
| Fast breathing | 7 (39) | 91 (38) | 1·0 (0·3–3.0) |
| Vomiting | 10 (56) | 143 (60) | 0·8 (0·3, 2·5) |
| Diarrhea | 8 (44) | 133 (56) | 0·6 (0·2, 1·9) |
| Seizures | 2 (11) | 9 (4) | 3·2 (0·3, 17·3) |
| Jaundice | 0 (0) | 6 (3) | 0 |
| Inability/refusal to feed | 5 (28) | 69 (29) | 1.0 (0·3, 3.0) |
| Lethargy | 3 (17) | 33 (14) | 1·2 (0·2, 4·8) |
| Signs | |||
| Fever (>38·0 °C) | 3 (17) | 40 (17) | 1.0 (0·2, 3·8) |
| Hypoxia** | 4/17 (24) | 37/235 (16) | 1·6 (0·4, 5·7) |
| Tachypnea† | 4 (22) | 41 (17) | 1·4 (0·3, 4·7) |
| Stridor | 0 (0) | 17 (7) | 0 |
| Crepitations/ crackles | 6 (33) | 54 (23) | 1·7 (0·5, 5·2) |
| Wheezing | 3 (17) | 45 (19) | 0·9 (0·2, 3·2) |
| Nasal flaring, grunting, or chest indrawing | 2 (11) | 25 (11) | 1·1 (0·1, 5·0) |
*Sore throat assessed only among 2 to 5‐year‐old inpatients.
**Defined as oxygen saturation <90% on room air or <95% on oxygen therapy.
†Defined as a respiratory rate of ≥60 breaths per minute in children <2 months of age, ≥50 breaths per minute in children two through 12 months of age, and ≥40 breaths per minute in children 1 through 4 years of age.