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. 2017 Sep 28;16(6):7959–7966. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7651

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Copyright: © Chou et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Figure 6. — Schematic of the potential signaling pathways used by bufalin to induce apoptosis in SCC-4 human tongue cancer cells. Endo G, endonuclease G; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein; AIF, apoptosis-inducing factor; TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; DR, death receptor; XBP-1, X-box binding protein 1; GADD153, DNA damage inducible transcript 3; IRE-1α, inositol-requiring enzyme 1α; ATF, activating transcription factor; GRP78, heat shock 70 kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78 kDa); NO, nitric oxide; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential.