Figure 5.

Effect of HTY and PEMF on protein expression levels of Akt, mTOR, TGF-β and p53 at 24 h. Representative western blot images and quantification of (A) Akt, (B) mTOR, (C) TGF-β and (D) p53 protein expression levels in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard error of three independent experiments. **P<0.01 vs. Ctrl; ^##P<0.01 vs. PEMF-treated group. HTY, hydroxytyrosol; PEMFs, pulse electromagnetic fields; Ctrl, control; Akt, protein kinase B; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β.