15-HPGD is the rate limited degradation enzyme of PGE2, and 15-HPGD expression is negatively associated with PGE2. (A) PGE2 concentration during SMSC differentiation. In the early differentiation period (10 days ago), PGE2 expression was significantly different compared with the undifferentiated group. (B) Representative western blot images. (C) Expression of proteins at different time points during SMSC differentiation, determined by western blot analysis. (D) Gene expression at different time points during SMSC differentiation determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. *P<0.05 vs. undifferentiated cells. 15-HPGD, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)]; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; COX-1, cyclooxygenase-1; mPGES-1, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1; PLA2, phospholipase A2; SMSC, synovial mesenchymal stem cells; miR, microRNA; undiff, undifferentiated.