Table 4.

Univariate associations between resuscitation parameters, acute kidney injury, and primary fascial closure among patients who underwent emergent laparotomy and temporary abdominal closure (TAC).

Time period	Resuscitation parameters	Acute kidney injurya			Primary fascial closure
		OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p
POD 0b	3% HTS administration	1.01	0.49–2.08	0.986	3.26	0.94–11.28	0.062
0–48h	IVFc administered (L)	1.00	0.94–1.06	0.952	0.90	0.83–0.97	0.003
	NPWT output (L)	1.17	0.96–1.42	0.119	0.72	0.58–0.90	0.003
48h	Sodium (mEq/L)	1.00	0.94–1.06	0.865	1.03	0.95–1.11	0.454
	Chloride (mEq/L)	0.98	0.93–1.03	0.485	1.11	1.03–1.19	0.006
	Osmolarity (mosm/kg)	1.01	0.99–1.04	0.413	1.01	0.98–1.04	0.526
48–96h	IVFc administered (L)	1.02	0.95–1.11	0.586	0.88	0.80–0.97	0.007
	NPWT output (L)	1.23	1.01–1.51	0.040	0.62	0.49–0.79	<0.001
96h	Sodium (mEq/L)	0.98	0.94–1.02	0.355	0.98	0.93–1.04	0.555
	Chloride (mEq/L)	0.99	0.94–1.04	0.711	1.00	0.94–1.07	0.973
	Osmolarity (mosm/kg)	0.99	0.98–1.01	0.291	1.00	0.99–1.01	0.495
96h–7d	IVFc administered (L)	1.05	0.98–1.13	0.177	0.93	0.85–1.02	0.101
	NPWT output (L)	1.24	1.02–1.50	0.034	0.70	0.57–0.86	0.001
7d	Sodium (mEq/L)	1.02	0.96–1.07	0.555	0.93	0.87–1.00	0.035
	Chloride (mEq/L)	1.03	0.98–1.09	0.242	0.95	0.89–1.02	0.133
	Osmolarity (mosm/kg)	1.01	0.99–1.03	0.176	0.97	0.95–1.00	0.016

OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, HTS: hypertonic saline, IVF: intravenous fluid, NPWT: negative pressure wound therapy. Sodium, chloride, and osmolarity values were measured in serum.

^aStage 2 or 3 acute kidney injury within seven days of exploratory laparotomy and temporary abdominal closure per consensus Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) definitions.

^bHTS was initiated on postoperative day zero following TAC and continued until fascial closure or postoperative day 3, whichever occurred first.

^cIncluding maintenance crystalloid fluids, bolus crystalloid fluids, piggyback fluids for medication administration, and parenteral nutrition.