Table 1.

Advantages and disadvantages of nanocarriers in nanothrombolysis

	Advantages	Disadvantages
Liposomes	▪Biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-immunogenic ▪Prolong the circulation time of tPA ▪Reduce tPA-induced hemorrhage ▪Improve thrombolysis efficiency	▪Low stability ▪phospholipids may undergo oxidation and hydrolysis ▪Leakage of encapsulated drug
Polymeric nanoparticles	▪Biocompatible and biodegradable ▪Easy to functionalize ▪Sustained drug release ▪Prolong the circulation time of tPA ▪Accelerate thrombolysis ▪Trigger drug release by ultrasound irradiation	▪May disrupt the body’s homeostasis ▪Might induce immunological or inflammatory response
Magnetic nanoparticles	▪Reduce the dose of tPA ▪Improve penetration of tPA into clot ▪Accelerate thrombolysis ▪Magnet-guided targeted thrombolysis ▪Theradiagnostic application when combined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)	▪Neurotoxicity ▪Low colloidal stability and biocompatibility ▪Might induce immunological or inflammatory response
Micro-bubbles	▪Improve penetration of tPA into clot ▪Accelerate thrombolysis by ultrasound ▪Ultrasound-mediated targeted thrombolysis ▪Continuous monitoring recanalization using transcranial color-coded sonography ▪Theradiagnostic application when combined with ultrasound imaging	▪Low stability of microbubbles in bloodstream ▪Microbubble destruction could cause local microvasculature ruptures and hemolysis ▪Induce embolization due to the fragmentation of clot
Echogenic liposomes	▪Biocompatible and biodegradable ▪High recanalization rate by ultrasound ▪Increase thrombolytic efficacy ▪Accelerate thrombolysis by ultrasound ▪Ultrasound-mediated targeted thrombolysis ▪Theradiagnostic application when combined with ultrasound imaging	▪High polydispersity ▪Low stability, may lose echogenic properties at physiological temperature ▪Cause vessel wall damage due to high intensity ultrasound ▪Induce embolization due to the fragmentation of clot
Electrostatic supramolecular complexes	▪Mask tPA’s activity in the circulation and reduce bleeding risk ▪Reduce degradation of circulating fibrinogen	▪Side effects of bioactive oligoanion ▪Low translation potential