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. 2018 Jan 23;8:1420. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19300-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Anti-tumour effects of oncolytic adenoviruses in an orthotopic glioblastoma tumour model. Orthotopic brain tumour model was established by stereotaxically implanting U87MG cells into the left forebrain of nude mice. Seven days after tumour cell injection, PBS, H5CmTERT-Rd19-Ad, or H5CmTERT-Ad/TRAIL (5 × 10⁹ VPs) were administered via intracranial injection. (a) At 17 days after the cell injection, the mice were euthanised and the brains were collected. Representative tissue slices were stained with H & E to assess the tumour burden in each treatment group in the ImageJ software. Original magnification: ×100. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. (b) The expression levels of TRAIL and E1A were assessed by immunohistochemistry. A TUNEL assay was carried out to detect apoptosis. Original magnification: ×400. (c) Semi-quantitative analysis of TRAIL-, E1A-, or TUNEL-stained sections using MetaMorph image analysis software. Images are representative of three independent experiments. All results are shown as mean ± SD; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.