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. 2018 Jan 23;8:1395. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19836-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Daily fluctuations of caecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA), lactate content, and caecal pH in different conditions. (A,B) Caecal total SCFA content (A, acetate, butyrate, and propionate), each SCFA and lactate content (B, n = 3 tubes for SCFA measurement, 3 caecal samples were pooled in 1 tube). (C) Caecal pH was measured every 4 hours over 24 hours in ICR mice in ad libitum with high or low fibre diets (n = 10 for high fibre diets, n = 4 for low fibre diets in each time point). (D,E) Caecal picture (D) and pH (E) from vehicle or antibiotic-treated (at least a month by drinking) C57BL mice (n = 4 for each). All values are expressed as mean ± SEM. The P value of the one- or two-way ANOVA is indicated in the lower right side of each graph if significant. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 (Tukey’s multiple comparisons test).